Theories of Counseling and the Helping Relationship Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _______ and _______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic
psychology, respectively.
a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler.
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung.
c. Joseph Breuer; A. A. Brill.
d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May.
A
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung.
2
Q
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond
to Freud’s structural theory that includes
a. oral, anal, phallic.
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
c. a and b.
d. id, ego, and superego.
A
d. id, ego, and superego.
3
Q
In transactional analysis, the _______ is the conscience, or ego
state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it
is the _______.
a. Adult; unconscious.
b. Parent; ego.
c. Parent; superego.
d. Parent; id.
A
c. Parent; superego.
4
Q
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same
sex.
b. analysis during the childhood years.
c. identifi cation with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor.
d. transference.
A
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same
sex.
5
Q
Freudians refer to the ego as
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle. b. the guardian angel of the mind. c. the pleasure principle. d. the seat of libido.
A
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality
principle.
6
Q
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens
a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
a. Eros.
b. Eros and the id.
c. Thanatos.
d. both Eros and Thanatos.
A
c. Thanatos.
7
Q
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle.
A
d. pleasure principle.
8
Q
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing
apparatus would be the
a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time.
b. ego.
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong.
d. BASIC-ID.
A
b. ego.
9
Q
A therapist who says to a patient, “Say whatever comes to mind,”
is practicing
a. directive counseling.
b. TA.
c. paraphrasing.
d. free association.
A
d. free association.
10
Q
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for
_______, rather than _______ like the id.
a. perfection; pleasure.
b. pleasure; perfection.
c. morals; ethics.
d. logic; reality.
A
a. perfection; pleasure.
11
Q
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement
except
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Wolpe.
A
d. Wolpe.
12
Q
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The
Interpretation of Dreams was his most infl uential work. Dreams
have
a. manifest and latent content.
b. preconscious and unconscious factors.
c. id and ego.
d. superego and id.
A
a. manifest and latent content.
13
Q
When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or
she originally had toward a signifi cant other, it is called
a. free association.
b. insight.
c. transference.
d. resistance.
A
c. transference.
14
Q
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber.
A
b. Little Albert.
15
Q
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling
or therapy
a. utilizes fewer sessions per week.
b. does not utilize the couch.
c. is performed face to face.
d. all of the above.
A
d. all of the above.
16
Q
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings
is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurate empathy.
d. refl ection of emotional content.
A
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
17
Q
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______ is to topographical
theory.
a. Child, Adult, Parent.
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection.
c. ego ideal.
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
A
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
18
Q
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is
a. catharsis.
b. the Oedipus complex.
c. the notion of the preconscious mind.
d. the interpretation of dreams.
A
b. the Oedipus complex.
19
Q
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except
a. hypnosis.
b. slips of the tongue and humor.
c. dreams.
d. subjective units of distress scale.
A
d. subjective units of distress scale.
20
Q
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what
transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There
was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then
began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the
function of the
a. preconscious mind.
b. ego ideal.
c. conscious mind.
d. unconscious mind.
A
a. preconscious mind.
21
Q
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and
protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
a. slips of the tongue.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
c. id defense processes.
d. latent dream material.
A
b. ego defense mechanisms.
22
Q
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms deny or distort
reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and
displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to the
Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
a. repression.
b. reaction formation
c. denial.
d. sublimation
A
a. repression.
23
Q
Suppression differs from repression in that
a. suppression is stronger.
b. repression only occurs in children.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
d. all of the above.
A
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
24
Q
An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because
he is sadistic is displaying
a. suppression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. displacement.
A
c. sublimation.
25
An advertising psychologist secretly imbeds the word SEX into
newspaper ads intended to advertise his center’s chemical dependency
program. This is the practice of
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. none of the above.
d. none of the above.
26
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He
thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
a. displacement.
b. denial.
c. identifi cation.
d a Type II error.
a. displacement.
27
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade
of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect
4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads.”
This demonstrates
a. introjection.
b. reaction formation.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
d. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
28
A master’s level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in
an agency in a warm climate. Her offi ce is not air conditioned,
but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really
helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
a. sour grapes rationalization.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. repression.
d. sublimation.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
29
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match
broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to
play in the competition which begins just days after the accident.
His behavior is influenced by
a. denial.
b. displacement of anger.
c. sublimation.
d. organ inferiority.
a. denial.
30
_______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking
out a window.
a. Repression.
b. Sour grapes rationalization.
c. Projection.
d. Denial.
c. Projection.
31
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously
involved in this cause so that he can view the material.
This is
a. reaction formation.
b. introjection.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
a. reaction formation.
32
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of
dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism
in action here is
a. reaction formation.
b. compensation.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
b. compensation.
33
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at
a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her
work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to
help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any
social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president
of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in
a. projection.
b. displacement.
c. introjection.
d. identification.
d. identification.
34
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought
patterns is a product of
a. introjection.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. displacement.
a. introjection.
35
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as
a. resistance.
b. sublimation.
c. projection.
d. individuation.
a. resistance.
36
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend
that
a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo.
b. he failed to emphasize sex.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
d. he was pro female.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
37
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
a. help the therapist appear genuine.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors.
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to
childhood.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
38
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
39
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
a. individual psychology.
b. confrontation.
c. transference neurosis.
d. insight.
d. insight.
40
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate
on logic or the _______ principle, while women are intuitive,
operating on the _______ principle.
a. Eros; Thanatos.
b. Logos; Eros.
c. reality; pleasure.
d. transference; countertransference.
b. Logos; Eros.
41
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze
himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
a. mandalas.
b. projective drawings.
c. unconscious automatic writing.
d. eidetic imagery.
a. mandalas.
42
_______ emphasized the drive for superiority.
a. Jung.
b. Adler.
c. Constructivist therapists.
d. Freud and Jung.
b. Adler.
43
The statement, “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction” describes
a. Sigmund Freud’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
c. insight.
d. Carl Jung’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
44
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
a. baseline measures.
b. social factors.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. insight.
b. social factors.
45
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
d. Jung.
46
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
d. Jung.
47
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
a. created the TAT.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
c. was a noted Freud hater.
d. created the hierarchy of needs.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
48
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
a. superiority.
b. social connectedness.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. animus.
b. social connectedness.
49
```
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using
this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation
program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass
himself would be instructed to
```
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10 to 20 minutes before
the speech.
c. practice rational self-talk.
d. practice rational thinking.
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
50
Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side
known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side
known as _______.
a. Eros; Thanatos
b. animus; anima
c. anima; animus
d. yin; yang
c. anima; animus
51
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious,
which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
a. a hierarchy of needs.
b. instinctual.
c. paradox.
d. archetypes.
d. archetypes.
52
Common archetypes include
a. the persona—the mask or role we present to others to
hide our true self.
b. animus, anima, self.
c. shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains
id-like material, denied, yet desired.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
53
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor
points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is
known as
a. active listening.
b. confrontation.
c. accurate empathy.
d. summarization.
b. confrontation.
54
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or
stuttering. The counselor
a. is using the logic set forth in gestalt therapy.
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modifi
cation.
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned
with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned
with symptom substitution.
55
An eclectic counselor
a. is analytic.
b. is behavioristic.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation.
d. insists on including all family members in the treatment.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation.
56
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
b. Freud.
c. Piaget.
d. Skinner.
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
57
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his
or her session is the victim of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. transference.
c. countertransference.
d. positive transference.
c. countertransference.
58
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Thorne and Lazarus.
c. Adler.
59
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative
but display leadership qualities is most likely
a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind.
b. an Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
c. Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic
relationship.
d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract.
b. an Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
60
Existentialism is to logotherapy as _______ is to behaviorism.
a. operants
b. associationism
c. Skinner
d. Socrates
b. associationism
61
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
b. Adler’s concept of lifestyle.
c. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic.
d. symptom substitution.
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
62
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
a. E. G. Williamson.
b. B. F. Skinner.
c. Frankl.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
63
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating
when food is presented, is called
a. an operant.
b. conditioned.
c. unconditioned.
d. acquisition period.
c. unconditioned.
64
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as
a. instrumental learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.
d. learning via insight.
a. instrumental learning.
65
Respondent behavior refers to
a. reflexes.
b. operants.
c. a type of phobia.
d. punishment.
a. reflexes.
66
All reinforcers
a. are plastic tokens.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
c. are secondary.
d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers
behavior
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
67
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive
(negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that
a behavior will
occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive
reinforcement and
a. is really the same as punishment.
b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young
children.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
68
Punishment
a. is the same as negative reinforcement.
b. is much more effective than reinforcement.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
d. is used extensively in reality therapy.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
69
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the
_______, and the meat was the _______.
a. CS; UCS
b. UCS; CS
c. CR; UCS
d. UCS; CR
a. CS; UCS
70
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the
CS and the US
a. is irrelevant—it does not infl uence the learning process.
b. is 5 seconds.
c. is the .05 level according to social scientists.
d. is .5 or ½ of a second.
d. is .5 or ½ of a second.
71
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (i.e., the meat)
before the CS (i.e., the bell). This usually results in
a. increased learning.
b. anger on the part of the dog.
c. experimental neurosis.
d. no conditioning.
d. no conditioning.
72
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate
using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
d. stimulus discrimination.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
73
The department chairman found the poodle’s response (see
question 272) to his horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn
and not the original bell. Indeed the graduate students were
able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
a. experimental neurosis.
b. irradiation.
c. pica.
d. stimulus discrimination
d. stimulus discrimination
74
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency
to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question
273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate
only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s
Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded
identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch
as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case
a. experimental neurosis set in.
b. irradiation became a reality.
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role.
d. a covert process confounded the experiment.
a. experimental neurosis set in.
75
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell
paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept
ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is
known as
a. instrumental learning via shaping.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
d. negative reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
76
John B. Watson’s name is associated with
a. Little Hans.
b. Anna O.
c. Little Albert.
d. b and c.
c. Little Albert.
77
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
a. negative reinforcement,
b. chaining.
c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. extinction.
d. extinction.
78
In general, behavior modifi cation strategies are based heavily on
_______, while behavior therapy emphasizes _______.
a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c
d. a and c
79
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as
the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up
smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
a. using hypnosis.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
c. using a biofeedback device.
d. counterconditioning.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
80
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed
be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted
by
a. E. Thorndike.
b. Joseph Wolpe.
c. Neal Miller.
c. Neal Miller.
81
The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson
and Rosalie Rayner was that
a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.
b. it provided concrete proof that Skinner’s model was correct.
c. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov’s model was correct.
d. none of the above.
a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.
82
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
a. cure.
b. Skinner.
c. Piaget.
d. NLP.
a. cure.
83
In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate
a. panic disorder with agoraphobia.
b. stimulus generalization.
c. an adjustment reaction.
d. stimulus discrimination.
b. stimulus generalization.
84
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically
bases his or her treatment on
a. Pavlov’s dogs.
b. Mary Cover Jones.
c. John B. Watson.
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
85
```
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really
means
a. she is nondirective.
b. she is very directive.
c. a treatment model.
d. she is not a depth psychologist.
```
c. a treatment model.
86
A man says, “My life has been lousy for the past six months.” The
counselor replies, “Can you tell me specifi cally what has made
life so bad for the last six months?” The counselor is
a. using interpretation.
b. using summarization.
c. using concreteness.
d. using a depth psychology paradigm.
c. using concreteness.
87
A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing
his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is
using
a. concreteness.
b. a directive.
c. interpretation.
d. parroting.
b. a directive.
88
_______ is a biofeedback device.
a. A bathroom scale
b. A DVD player
c. A digital clock
d. An analyst’s couch
a. A bathroom scale
89
Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn’t do his homework. The
school counselor thus instructs Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of
a. punishment.
b. biofeedback.
c. a Pavlovian strategy.
d. positive reinforcement.
d. positive reinforcement.
90
Genuineness, or congruence, is really
a. identical to concreteness.
b. selective empathy.
c. the counselor’s ability to be himself or herself.
d. an archaic Freudian notion.
c. the counselor’s ability to be himself or herself.
91
Empathy is
```
a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate
this to the client.
b. behavioristic.
c. a and b.
d. the same as sympathy.
```
a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate
this to the client.
92
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a
_______, and when something is taken away it is called a _____.
a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
c. extinction; shaping
d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
93
After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov’s, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period
of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called
a. extinction.
b. token reinforcement.
c. biofeedback.
d. higher order conditioning.
d. higher order conditioning.
94
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client
raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He
would utilize
a. a temperature trainer.
b. EMG feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
d. EKG feedback.
a. a temperature trainer.
95
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often
experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on
a. the Jacobson relaxation method.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EMG feedback.
d. a simple yet effective mood ring.
c. EMG feedback.
96
According to the Premack principle, an effi cient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure
a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability
behavior.
b. a higher-probability behavior is reinforced by a lower
probability behavior.
c. a and b are paradoxically both effective.
d. none of the above.
a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability
behavior.
97
A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves
for relaxation would utilize
a. EMG feedback.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
d. EKG feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
98
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement.
If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as
a. an intermittent schedule.
b. an extinction schedule.
c. continuous reinforcement.
d. thinning.
c. continuous reinforcement.
99
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules
are the ________, based on the number of responses and the
_______, based on the time elapsed.
a. ratio; interval
b. interval; ratio
c. continuous; ratio
d. interval; continuous
a. ratio; interval
100
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
a. fixed ratio, for example giving a child an M&M for each five math problems she completes.
b. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors
are paid (e.g., one time per month, although the
amount of work may vary from month to month).
c. variable interval.
d. variable ratio.
d. variable ratio.
101
Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal
inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy
has been used in individual and group settings. When using his
technique, the acronym SUDS stands for
a. standard units of dysfunction.
b. a given hierarchy of dysfunction.
c. subjective units of distress scale.
d. standard units of dysfunction scale.
c. subjective units of distress scale.
102
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement
properties of its own. This is known as
a. a primary reinforcer.
b. covert processing.
c. secondary reinforcement.
d. SUDS.
c. secondary reinforcement.
103
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to
buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is
a. a negative reinforcer.
b. a back-up reinforcer.
c. an average stimulus.
d. a conditioned reinforcer.
b. a back-up reinforcer.
104
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea
when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
a. systematic desensitization.
b. biofeedback.
c. back-up reinforcement.
d. aversive conditioning.
d. aversive conditioning.
105
A counselor decides to treat a client’s phobia of flying utilizing
Wolpe’s technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in
the anxiety hierarchy items would be
a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
b. imagining that she is boarding the plane.
c. imagining a flight in an airplane.
d. an actual flight in an airplane.
a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
106
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of
situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness
trainers refer to this as
a. conscious rehearsal.
b. behavioral rehearsal.
c. fi xed role therapy.
d. a and b.
b. behavioral rehearsal.
107
Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:
a. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and
construction of the hierarchy.
b. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, in
vivo desensitization, and desensitization in imagination.
c. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and
construction of hierarchy.
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization
in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization
in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
108
_______ is behavioral sex therapy.
a. classical vegotherapy
b. orgone box therapy
c. conditioned refl ex therapy
d. sensate focus
d. sensate focus
109
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick
after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines
a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique
is called
a. behavioral rehearsal.
b. in vivo sensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
d. in vivo desensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
110
One distinction between fl ooding (also known as “deliberate exposure
with response prevention” in recent literature) and implosive
therapy is that
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
b. fl ooding is always conducted in the imagination.
c. fl ooding is always safer.
d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous.
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
111
Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because
a. ACA ethics forbid the use of this technique.
b. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of operant conditioning.
c. extinction works more quickly.
d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it
teaches aggression.
d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it
| teaches aggression.
112
A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give
yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely
that
a. the counselor is sympathetic rather than empathetic.
b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.
c. the counselor’s timing is poor in terms of interpretation.
d. she is summarizing too early in the counseling process.
b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.
113
A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girl friend. The
counselor responds, “Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible!
How can you go on living?” This is an example of
a. EMDR.
b. accurate empathy.
c. confrontation.
d. sympathy.
d. sympathy.
114
A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He
thus keeps repeating the client’s statements verbatim when he
responds. This is known as
a. desirable attending behavior.
b. parroting and is not recommended.
c. level 3 on the empathy scale.
d. paradoxical intention.
b. parroting and is not recommended.
115
Viktor Frankl is the Father of logotherapy, which is based on
existentialism. Logotherapy means
a. healing through meaning.
b. healing through the unconscious.
c. logic cures.
d. all of the above.
a. healing through meaning.
116
All of these philosophers are existentialists except
a. Plato and Epictetus.
b. Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss.
c. Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Tillich.
d. Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers.
a. Plato and Epictetus.
117
Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientifi c, it
has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic,
and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential
therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for
a. being too short-term.
b. overemphasizing techniques.
c. ignoring group strategies.
d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.
d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.
118
Existentialists focus primarily on
a. the teenage years.
b. the client’s perception in the here-and-now.
c. childhood traumas.
d. uplifting childhood memories.
b. the client’s perception in the here-and-now.
119
Existential counselors as well as Rogerian Person-Centered
counselors adhere to what Buber called the I-Thou relationship,
which asserts that
a. the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers.
b. the relationship is vertical.
c. the relationship is horizontal.
d. empathy is not necessary.
c. the relationship is horizontal.
120
Frankl is an existentialist. So are
a. Ellis and Perls.
b. Perls and Stampfl .
c. Yalom and May.
d. Janov and Beck.
c. Yalom and May.
121
Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the _______
world, the Mitwelt or the _______ world, and the Eigenwelt or
the _______ world.
a. unconscious; preconscious; conscious
b. id; ego; superego
c. self-identity; relationship; physical
d. physical; relationship; identity
d. physical; relationship; identity
122
Frankl’s experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him
a. the value of S-R psychological paradigms.
b. that you can’t control the environment, but you can control
your response.
c. that blaming others can be truly therapeutic.
d. how to blame the environment for our diffi culties.
b. that you can’t control the environment, but you can control
your response.
123
Existential counselors emphasize the clients’
a. free choice, decision, and will.
b. transference.
c. slips of tongue.
d. latent dream symbolism.
a. free choice, decision, and will.
124
Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to
the client’s internal personal experience of events, and ontology,
which is
a. mental visualization for the treatment of cancer.
b. the impact of cancer on emotions.
c. a cancerous growth in the brain.
d. the philosophy of being and existing.
d. the philosophy of being and existing.
125
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to
a. rational therapy.
b. reality therapy.
c. rational-emotive imagery.
d. RBT.
b. reality therapy.
126
Reality therapy has incorporated
a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
b. rational imagery.
c. TA principles.
d. rolfing.
a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
127
All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except
a. the client’s childhood is explored.
b. excuses are not accepted.
c. the unconscious is avoided.
d. therapy is concerned primarily with the here-and-now.
a. the client’s childhood is explored.
128
A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor’s
own words is using
a. contracting.
b. confrontation.
c. paraphrasing.
d. parroting.
c. paraphrasing.
129
Most experts would agree that _______ is most threatening for
clients as well as counselors.
a. paraphrasing by the counselor
b. open-ended questions
c. role rehearsal
d. silence
d. silence
130
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
a. failures.
b. irrational internal verbalizations.
c. transference issues.
d. successful behaviors.
d. successful behaviors.
131
Glasser’s position on mental illness is that
a. it is best explained by DSM guidelines.
b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
c. it is best explained by ICD categories.
b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
132
The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality
therapy is
a. detached but very empathic.
b. like that of a warm caring mother.
c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
d. friendly, nevertheless punishment is used when it is appropriate.
c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
133
Glasser’s theory was popularized in educational circles after he
wrote
a. Choice Theory.
b. The Interpretation of Dreams.
c. Positive Addiction.
d. Schools Without Failure.
d. Schools Without Failure.
134
Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The
final step asserts
a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give
up.
b. that some problems will not respond to any known plan of
action.
c. that counselors should contract with the client for no
more than fi ve counseling sessions.
d. that a client who does not respond to the fi rst seven steps
is most likely a borderline personality.
a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give
up.
135
According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be
a. jogging.
b. gambling.
c. playing the office football pool.
d. playing professional football.
a. jogging.
136
When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling
sessions he or she is using
a. paraphrasing.
b. reflection.
c. summarization.
d. confrontation.
c. summarization.
137
Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity.
a. failure
b. success
c. diffused
d. crisis-oriented
b. success
138
William Glasser, M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D.,
is to
a. Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
b. Transactional analysis (TA).
c. Assertiveness training (AT).
d. Gestalt therapy.
a. Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
139
In Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is
taught to change cognitions, also known as
a. self-talk.
b. internal verbalizations.
c. impulses.
d. a and b.
d. a and b.
140
The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
a. Buber.
b. Epictetus, a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the
way we think.
c. Locke.
d. Jaspers.
b. Epictetus, a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the
| way we think.
141
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the
_______, B is the _______, and C is the _______.
a. affect; belief; control
b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
c. affect; behavior; control
d. authenticity; belief; emotional consequence
b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
142
The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention
that occurs at D, _______ leads to E, _______.
a. the dogmatic attitude; effective behavior
b. direct living; evaluation
c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional
consequence
d. the emotional disease; a new emotional consequence
c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional
| consequence
143
A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living
by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of
a. bibliotherapy.
b. countertransference.
c. musturbation.
d. concreteness.
a. bibliotherapy.
144
Shoulds and oughts are _______ according to Ellis.
a. musturbations
b. masturbations
c. awfulizations
d. rational
a. musturbations
145
A client says, “I lost my job and it’s the most terrible thing in the
world.” This client is engaging in
a. rational self-talk.
b. self-induced empathy.
c. cognitive restructuring.
d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.
d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.
146
Bibliotherapy is a form of
a. psychodynamic intervention.
b. homework.
c. displacement.
d. musturbation.
b. homework.
147
Ellis feels that _______ is at the core of emotional disturbance.
a. a trauma before age 5
b. a current traumatic activating event
c. irrational thinking at point B
d. repression of key feelings
c. irrational thinking at point B
148
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to
a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational
ones.
b. keeping a journal of irrational thoughts.
c. allowing the client to purge feelings.
d. uncovering relevant unconscious material.
a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational
ones.
149
Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist’s new
animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since
a. he does not believe in the scientifi c method.
b. the study would not take transference into account.
c. Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing.
d. only man thinks in declarations (internal sentences that
can cause or ward off emotional discord).
d. only man thinks in declarations (internal sentences that
| can cause or ward off emotional discord).
150
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as _______ are to Glasser’s
Choice Theory.
a. contracting
b. pictures in your mind
c. lack of punishment
d. a therapeutic plan
b. pictures in your mind
151
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to
a. RBT.
b. AT.
c. TA.
d. S-R research.
a. RBT.
152
Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic therapist who created the
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed an approach
known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar
to REBT, Beck insisted that
a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not
necessarily irrational.
b. the Oedipus complex is central to the treatment process.
c. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of phobia.
d. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of anxiety.
a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not
| necessarily irrational.
153
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept
of stress inoculation is
a. Albert Ellis.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr.
d. Aaron T. Beck.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
154
Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was
popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You
Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate
_______ in the treatment process.
a. Meichenbaum’s self-instructional therapy
b. reality therapy
c. gestalt therapy
d. vegotherapy
c. gestalt therapy
155
Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the
Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized
from signifi cant others in childhood. TA therapists speak
of two functions in the Parent ego state, the _______.
a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
b. Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent
c. Reactive Parent and the Active Parent
d. Passive Parent and the Active Parent
a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
156
The Adult ego state
a. contains the “shoulds” and “oughts.”
b. is the seat of feelings.
c. is like Freud’s superego.
d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings.
d. processes facts and does not
157
The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may
manifest itself as
a. the Natural Child.
b. the Adapted Child.
c. the Little Professor.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
158
TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy
communication transactions
a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
b. are known as crossed transactions.
c. are always between the Child and Adult ego states.
d. are always empathic.
a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
159
TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris’s book, I’m
OK—You’re OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life
position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes
about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by
the position “I’m OK—You’re Not OK”;
a. is generally self-abusive.
b. blames others for misery.
c. generally engages in self-mutilation.
d. is generally suicidal.
b. blames others for misery.
160
A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does
nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he
puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying
and says that he doesn’t know how he can continue doing all the
housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes
the situation using Karpman’s triangle would say
a. the man is stuck in the “I’m Not OK—You’re Not OK”
life position.
b. the Critical Parent is dominating.
c. the man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic.
d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to
the victim role.
d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to
| the victim role.
161
A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same
case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two
most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?
a. the empty chair technique.
b. an ego state analysis.
c. contracting.
d. formal assertiveness training.
c. contracting.
162
A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling
for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy.
Which other statement is true of games?
a. In a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt.
b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level
of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.
c. For a game to occur, three people must be involved.
d. Games always involve parallel vectors of communication.
b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level
| of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.
163
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
a. rackets.
b. life scripts.
c. the little professor.
d. an analysis of variance.
a. rackets.
164
A life script is actually
a. an ulterior transaction.
b. an ego state.
c. a life drama or plot.
d. a series of parallel transactions.
c. a life drama or plot.
165
Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
a. the empty chair technique.
b. Gestalt therapy.
c. the underdog.
d. the top dog.
b. Gestalt therapy.
166
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of
a. Perls and Berne.
b. Ellis and Harper.
c. Frankl and May.
d. Carkhuff and Gazda.
d. Carkhuff and Gazda.
167
The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of
a. Bandler and Grinder’s neurolinguistic programming.
b. New language programs forcomputer therapy.
c. New language psychotherapy software.
d. neurological psychotherapy.
a. Bandler and Grinder’s neurolinguistic programming.
168
A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client’s projection
via
a. playing the projection technique.
b. the empty chair technique.
c. converting questions to statements.
d. a behavioral contract.
a. playing the projection technique.
169
A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time
she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist
would most likely
a. ask the client to recount a dream.
b. urge the client to engage in thought-stopping.
c. prescribe relaxation homework.
d. urge the client to stay with the feeling.
d. urge the client to stay with the feeling.
170
Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment
which most closely resembles
a. successive approximation.
b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
c. free association.
d. paraphrasing with emotional reflection.
b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
171
A client who is undergoing gestalt therapy states, “It is difficult to get a job in New York City,” would be asked by the counselor
to
a. go to the O*NET website (http://www.online.onetcenter.
org) which is the replacement for the DOT and is now the
nation’s primary source of occupational information.
b. change the verbalization to an “I” statement.
c. read the OOH.
d. take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII).
b. change the verbalization to an “I” statement.
172
Gestalt Therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the
here-and-now incorporates
a. psychodrama.
b. Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy, which asserts that maladaptive
thinking creates emotional disturbance and thus
clients should record dysfunctional thoughts.
c. Conditioned Reflex Therapy.
d. Client-Centered Therapy.
a. psychodrama.
173
According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife
for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt would be engaging
in
a. sublimation.
b. a panic reaction.
c. retroflection.
d. repression.
c. retroflection.
174
Gestalt means
a. a group.
b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
c. a dyad.
d. visual acuity.
b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
175
Perls suggested _______ which must be peeled away to reach
emotional stability.
a. four layers of neurosis
b. three layers of neurosis
c. two layers of neurosis
d. five layers of neurosis
d. five layers of neurosis
176
In Gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as
a. unfinished business.
b. the emerging gestalt.
c. form/figure language.
d. the top dog.
a. unfinished business.
177
Gestalt therapy emphasizes
a. cognitive-behavioral issues.
b. transference issues.
c. traumatic childhood memories.
d. awareness in the here-and-now and dream work.
d. awareness in the here-and-now and dream work.
178
The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts
of
a. behavioral self-control.
b. choice theory.
c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
d. the rehearsal experiment.
c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
179
Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an affective treatment that
a. often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams.
b. ignores nonverbal behavior.
c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
d. uses the making the rounds technique that is not appropriate
for group work.
c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
180
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition
between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt,
behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during
a. the late 1970s.
b. the late 1960s.
c. the 1980s.
d. the mid-1950s.
b. the late 1960s.
181
The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most
likely progress _______ than the relationship a client would have
with a Rogerian counselor.
a. faster.
b. slower.
c. at the same pace.
d. a and b.
b. slower.
182
The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has
undergone three name changes. Initially it was called _______
then _______, and in 1974 it changed to _______.
a. nondirective counseling; client-centered therapy; the
person-centered approach.
b. directive; nondirective; cient-centered.
c. person-centered; Rogerian, nondirectived.
d. client-centered; person-centered; nondirective.
a. nondirective counseling; client-centered therapy; the
| person-centered approach.
183
Rogers’ approach is characterized as a(n) _______ approach.
a. existential or humanistic
b. cognitive
c. cognitive behavioral
d. neodynamic
a. existential or humanistic
184
Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?
a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
b. Advice is given a lot.
c. Reflection is rarely utilized.
d. Closed-ended questions keep the sessions moving at a
fast pace.
a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
185
In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must
possess
a. the skill to be confrontational.
b. the ability to give advice.
c. the ability to do formal psychological testing.
d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional
positive regard to create a desirable “I-Thou
relationship.”
d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional
positive regard to create a desirable “I-Thou
relationship.”
186
Rogers viewed man as
a. basically evil.
b. driven by instincts.
c. a product of reinforcement.
d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting
environment.
d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting
| environment.
187
A person-centered therapist would
a. treat neurotics differently from psychotics.
b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same
principles.
c. use more closed-ended questions with adjustment reactions.
d. use contracting with clients who are not making progress.
b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same
| principles.
188
Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence
occurs when
a. external behavior matches an internal response or state.
b. the counselor uses silence.
c. the counselor refl ects emotion.
d. the counselor summarizes at the end of the session.
a. external behavior matches an internal response or state.
189
Rogers felt that _______ for client change to occur.
a. conditions must be in accordance with the problem.
b. three conditions are necessary.
c. nine conditions are necessary.
d. two conditions are necessary.
b. three conditions are necessary.
190
Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with:
a. a bright verbal male.
b. a bright verbal female.
c. a graduate student who had a knowledge of phrenology.
d. a client who is not very verbal.
d. a client who is not very verbal.
191
Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that
a. it does not emphasize relationship concerns.
b. some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial
phase of counseling.
c. more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage
caring confrontations.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
192
Counselors who work as consultants
a. generally adhere to reality therapy.
b. generally adhere to one single theory.
c. generally adhere to consultation theory.
d. generally do not adhere to one single theory.
d. generally do not adhere to one single theory.
193
Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation
generally occurs in a _______ setting.
a. group
b. work/organizational
c. continuing care
d. residential
b.
| work/organizationl
194
Attending behavior that is verbal is also called
a. verbal tracking.
b. clarifying.
c. reflection.
d. paraphrasing.
a. verbal tracking.
195
The counselor’s social power is related to
a. age.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
c. sex and age.
d. degree of directiveness.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
196
Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor’s self-image
are
a. choice of a modality and a learning disability.
b. age and the lack of a doctoral degree.
c. lack of NCC.
d. competence, power, and intimacy.
d. competence, power, and intimacy.
197
A counselor who is genuine
a. does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be
accepted by the client.
b. does not change his or her true values from session to session.
c. is not empathic.
d. a and b.
d. a and b.
198
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy—
a. positive, negative regard, and cognitive.
b. reflective, micro-empathy, and forced choice.
c. basic, subtractive, and additive.
d. micro-empathy, basic, and level 8 empathy.
c. basic, subtractive, and additive.
199
_______ and _______ created a program to help counselors
learn accurate empathy.
a. Truax; Carkhuff
b. Rogers; Berenson
c. Rogers; Brill
d. Carkhuff; Satir
a. Truax; Carkhuff
200
The human relations core for effective counseling includes
a. power, competence, and trustworthiness.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
d. self-image, self-talk, and attending behavior.
c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
