Groups III Flashcards
1
Q
How did most counseling take place before the 1960s?
A
In a dyadic relationship: counselor and counselee.
2
Q
What characteristics describe a group?
A
Membership which can be defined; some degree of unity and interaction; and a shared purpose.
3
Q
When was the term group therapy first used and by whom?
A
1931 by Jacob Moreno
4
Q
What organizations for group therapy were formed in the 1940s?
A
American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama / American Group Psychodrama Association
5
Q
What theorist has been classified as a preface to the group counseling movement?
A
Adler
6
Q
How did Adler get his start in Group therapy?
A
A child guidance facility in Vienna in the 1920s
7
Q
What was Adler’s rationale for group work?
A
“Man’s problems and conflicts are recognized in their social nature…”
8
Q
How did Gerald Caplan classify groups?
A
Primary, secondary, and tertiary.
9
Q
What is the function of a primary group according to Caplan’s classification?
A
Prevention and creating a healthy lifestyle.
10
Q
What is the function of a Secondary group according to Caplan’s classification?
A
Addressing a problem which is not usually severe; reduces the severity and length of the problem.
11
Q
What is the function of a tertiary group?
A
Addressing serious longstanding problems
12
Q
What terms are used when there are two group leaders?
A
Coleadership or cofacilitation
13
Q
What is the function of group norms?
A
Govern acceptable behavior and establish group rules
14
Q
Why did group therapy initially flourish in the US?
A
A shortage of individual therapists during WWII
15
Q
What does the term group content refer to?
A
Material discussed in the group setting.
16
Q
What does the term group process refer to?
A
The manner in which discussions and transactions occur.
17
Q
What does the term T-group refer to?
A
Training group
18
Q
What is a T-Group?
A
A training group used in industrial and organizational settings to process personnell interactions and improove efficency
19
Q
What is group cohesiveness?
A
The forces which bind group members together.
20
Q
Who is associated with group cohesiveness?
A
Kurt Lewin (Field theory)
21
Q
What term is used when the group shows little or no cohesiveness?
A
Fragmented
22
Q
What is another term for group counseling?
A
Interpersonal problem solving group
23
Q
How do some theorists believe group therapy differs from group counseling?
A
Group therapy (Personality reconstruction group) would be of a longer duration than group counseling (Interpersonal problem solving group)
24
Q
Are structured exercises more or less effective in groups?
A
Less
25
What do structured exercises in a group typically lead to?
Over-reliance on the counselor
26
What is the drawback of group therapy?
Individual issues are not properly examined when the counselor is too focused on group processes.
27
What is the benefit of group therapy?
Counselor can see many clients at one time.
28
What are two additional meanings the word "process" can have on the test?
A type of program view (conducted while a study or program is in progress or ongoing) and a type of note taking (therapy notes).
29
What is the risky shift phenomenon?
The tendency of the group decision to be less conservative than the average group member's decision prior to group discussion.
30
What does the word nosology mean?
Classification of disease
31
An assertiveness training group has what characteristics?
Highly structured and behavioristic
32
What kind of group is Weight Watchers?
Support group
33
What is the difference between a support group and a self-help group?
Support groups are typically sponsored by an organization and may have fees associated with it; self-help groups are run by regular people (maybe your neighbors) and aren't part of an organization and don't charge a fee
34
For what groups should you screen group members?
For all groups
35
What does screening entail for groups?
The counselor determines whether a client is appropriate for a given group (will the group be helpful to the client and will the client be helpful to the group?)
36
What individuals might you want to screen out of your group?
Hostile individuals who act aggressively, actively suicidal or homicidal, psychotic, and self-centered people
37
Why are individual screenings for group admission typically viewed as superior to group screenings?
They allow better counselor/client interaction
38
What is the most important trait in a group member?
The ability to trust
39
What factors are associated with early termination from a group?
High denial, low motivation, and low intelligence
40
What is the difference between open and closed groups?
Closed groups do not allow any new members once the group has started. Open groups allow new members at any time.
41
What is the major advantage of closed groups?
It promotes group cohesiveness
42
What is a major disadvantage to closed groups?
If members quit, the group diminishes and can end up with no group.
43
What is a disadvantage of open groups?
A member who begins after the first session has missed information and experiences.
44
In a group with open seating, how will clients tend to sit?
They will tend to sit with people they are similar to (ie, two Asian client's will sit together generally)
45
What is universality or mutuality?
We are not the only ones in the world with a given problem
46
What are the three leadership styles?
Autocratic, democratic, and laizzez faire
47
Who did the classic study in leadership styles?
Lewin, Lippitt, and White in 1939
48
What did the 1939 Lewin, Lippitt, and White leadership study entail?
10 and 11 year old children met with an adult from each of the 3 leadership styles to see how they reacted.
49
Under which leadership style did children act best in the 1939 leadership study?
Democratic
50
How do autocratic/authoritarian leaders lead a group?
Giving orders.
51
How do laissez faire leaders lead a group?
Takes a hands off policy and participates very little
52
What is the charismatic leadership style?
Leader uses personal power, charisma, and atractiveness to facilitate the group
53
What is the most effective leadership style?
It depends on the situation and the group. (Authoritarian can be best when a decision needs to be made quickly and laissez faire is best when the group has made a decision and is carrying it out.)
54
What leadership style improves group morale the most when decisions need to be made?
Democratic
55
What are leaders that focus on the hear and now called?
Speculative leaders.
56
Why is it desirable to have two group leaders?
Group can continue even when one counselor is absent, two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than just one, two leaders give more feedback to the group, and two leaders allows the opportunity for the leaders to process their feelings between sessions.
57
How does coleadership affect burnout?
It reduces it.
58
When is coleadership a disadvantage?
When leaders work against each other (causes fragmentation); when leaders are intimate with each other; when leaders question each other's competence.
59
What does Gerald Corey believe is necessary to be an effective group leader?
Participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group
60
How many members does an effective counseling group have?
5 to 8 (Adult groups can be higher (8) adolescent groups should be smaller)
61
How many children should be in one counseling group?
Three or four.
62
What length of time is typically recommended for group counseling?
1.5 to 2 hours for adults (less for children depending on the attention span)
63
When should the counselor discuss risks?
During the initial session with the client
64
What is one of the biggest risks the counselor should make the client aware of?
That confidentiality is desirable but can't be guaranteed due to the nature of group work.
65
When is informed consent obtained?
Ideally during the screening before the first group session.
66
What is the purpose of informed consent?
Provide client with information on the risks and dangers on participating in group counseling (and not participating) so that they can make an informed decision.
67
What does ASGW ethics say about a client who wants to leave a closed group?
If they want to leave, they are free to leave at any point in time.
68
What does the term reluctant client refer to?
A client who is not enthusiastic about participation in counseling (May be court ordered or otherwise required to be there)
69
What does the term group dynamics refer to?
The study of the internal relationships and interactions between group members
70
What are examples of group dynamics?
Group stages, cohesiveness, leadership style, and decision making
71
What is the hot seat technique?
A technique used by Fritz Perls gestalt therapy; the person who is the target of the counselor's interventions in the here and now is on the "hot seat"
72
What does the term structured group refer to?
It is a group which focuses on a given theme
73
What is a weakness in many groups?
A lack of goal setting (or goals are too vague)
74
What type of group uses an abundance of group exercises?
A structured group
75
How can structured exercises be helpful in a group early on?
Use them with feedback early on to improve communication between group members
76
What are two other terms for group cohesiveness?
"we-ness" and group unity
77
What is the "Energizer's" function in a group?
Stimulate enthusiasm
78
What is the "Scapegoat's" function in the group?
Take blame from everyone; target of anger and hostility
79
What is the Gatekeeper's function in a group?
Make sure everyone is participating and doing his or her task
80
What group role asks repeated inappropriate questions?
Peeping Tom/Interrogator
81
What group member goes along with whatever the group says?
Follower
82
What group member tries to make sure everything is going smoothly?
Harmonizer/Conciliator
83
To what do roles in a group usually relate?
Patterns of behavior in his or her nuclear family
84
What is the isolate in a group?
The silent one who receives little or no attention
85
How are group roles set in a healthy group?
Roles are flexible and group members can change roles to meet the demands of the group.
86
How do group specialists classify member roles?
Task roles, maintenance roles, and self-serving roles.
87
How can conflict between members of the group be resolved?
Assign the group a task which they must work on together to accomplish
88
How do group specialists define role conflict?
A situation in which there is a discrepency between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she is actually behaving.
89
What is the basic evolution of a group?
Initial stage --> Transition stage --> Working stage --> Separation stage
90
What may be necessary during the separation stage?
Additional referrals.
91
The initial stage is characterized by what sort of conflict?
Approach-avoidance (You want to meet new people but you are afraid of being rejected)
92
When are clients most suspicious of others in the group?
During the formation/exploratory stage of the group.
93
During what stage do fights between subgroups and rebellions against the leader occur?
Transition
94
In what stage would a hierarchy and pecking order among members be made?
The Storming/power-control stage
95
According to the Corey's, what can the leader do during the power-control stage?
Model responsible assertive confrontation with open and truthful expression.
96
When does group planning take place?
Before the group begins and throughout the life of the group
97
What is a pictoral sociogram?
A graphical display of group members and their affiliations and interactions.
98
What is blocking?
The act of preventing inappropriate discussions.
99
What is linking?
When the counselor attempts to relate one person's struggles to another's.
100
What are horizontal interventions?
Interventions which address the group as a whole. (Interpersonal)
101
What are vertical interventions?
Interventions which address an individual within the group. (Intrapersonal)
102
How does the number of decisions to be made as an group counselor relate to the number of decisions to be made as an individual counselor?
There are more decisions to be made as a group counselor.
103
What is noticeable when reading journals in the field of group counseling?
There is a split between researchers and practitioners; very little research on what exactly works best in a group setting is available.
104
What is predicted about the future of group counseling?
Group counseling will have an increasing focus on life skills.
105
What does research say about group counseling?
It is effective, but they can't say why because most of it is outcome research rather than process research.
106
What is a major limitation to group work?
The counselor may lose control and the group members can experience emotional harm.
107
What are other limitations to group work?
1) client may need individual counseling first
2) client may not be capable of trusting others enough to disclose key material
3) The group becomes a substitute for real world
4) the counselor may not be effective with a group
5) clients may be pressured to replace personal norms with group norms
6) disappointment can cause client to lose faith in treatment if group doesn't help
108
What is a major advantage of group counseling vs individual counseling?
The client learns to give help as well as receiving help and sessions are usually cheaper.
109
How much of an impact do the counselor's flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense have on the group?
It is helpful to a small degree
110
What does R.K. Conyne suggest group intervention is intended to do?
Prevent, correct, or enhance behavior.
111
What are R.K. Conyne's four intervention levels?
Individual, Interpersonal, organization, and community population
112
What would be the best way to evaluate the impact of the group?
Have an outside observer rate the level of behavior change by sitting in during group sessions
113
How can a counselor enhance the treatment process when counseling children under 10?
Involve the parents and ask them for input.
114
What should the counselor do when a child or adolescent complains about their parents in a group?
Avoid taking sides but help them see the parents point of view through role-playing
