Theories Of Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

acquisition of knowledge or skill that is not the result of maturation.

Question 2

Theories of learning 3

Answer 2

Association
Cognitive
Observational

Question 3

Associative learning is divided into 2

Answer 3

Classic conditioning

Operant conditioning

Question 4

Pavlov described …. with which experiment.

Answer 4

Associative learning classical conditioning

Dogs experiment

Question 5

Before the conditioning the dog would salivate to …. but not to …..

Answer 5

Food

Bell

Question 6

During conditioning pavlov

Answer 6

Rand the bell followed by feeding the dog

Question 7

After conditioning the dog

Answer 7

Salivates to bell

Question 8

The food is the ….. the salivation is …

Answer 8

Unconditioned stimulus (USC)
Unconditioned response (USR)

Question 9

Classical conditioning involves

Answer 9

Repeated addition of new stimulus with and (UCS) that triggers a specific(UCR). This repeated addition results in the new stimulus produces the same response eventually without the UCS

Question 10

The bell is ….. and the salivation after the bell is …

Answer 10

Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response  (CR)

Question 11

Acquisition stage

Answer 11

Period of pairing required between the UCS and CS for the association to be learned and the conditioned response to occur

Question 12

The forming of an association is a ….. behaviour and …. (does/doesn’t) require understanding

Answer 12

Automatic behaviour (passive process)
Doesn’t

Question 13

Optimal delay is

Answer 13

Less than 1 second

Question 14

Delayed conditioning

Answer 14

The start of the CS precedes the UCS

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

When the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS the CR gradually disappears

Question 16

Watson and rayner

Answer 16

Used classical conditioning to induce a white rat phobia in their son Albert (11 mo old)

Question 17

How dod Watson and Rayner induce the phobia

Answer 17

By associating a loud noise with the presence of the rat, then again with a white rabbit until the bit feared every furry object

Question 18

Systematic desensitisations treats …. and is based in the concept of ….

Answer 18

Anxiety and phobias

Counter conditioning

Question 19

Systematic desensitisations begins with

Answer 19

Imagining oneself in a fearful situation and using relaxation strategies to compete with anxiety

Question 20

Flooding

Answer 20

Massive exposure where patients are exposed to a maximum intensity anxiety-producing situation

Question 21

Exposure

Answer 21

Treatment by forces exposure to the feared object maintained until the fear is extinguished

Question 22

Aversive conditioning

Answer 22

Occurs when a stimulus that produces undesired behaviour is paired with an aversive stimulus (eg: child sucking on thumb, parents put bitter substance on their thumb)

Question 23

Cognitive learning

Answer 23

Active form of learning that involves the creation of cognitive maps and the development of structure and meaning

Question 24

Cognitive learning is divided into

Answer 24

Insight learning

Latent learning

Question 25

Insight learning

Answer 25

Spontaneous cognitive remodelling that provides a sudden insight or solution

Question 26

Latent learning

Answer 26

Learning occurs but its not immediately apparent

Question 27

Observational learning

Answer 27

Active for of learning that occurs through observation with no direct reinforcement

Question 28

Characteristics of people being observed

Answer 28

Hols a high status similar with the observer Their behaviour is rewarded Perceived competence

Question 29

Maslow made the

Answer 29

Hierarchy of needs

Question 30

Hierarchy of needs combines ........ and is ordered according to ......

Answer 30

Extrinsic and intrinsic elements | Survival value

Question 31

Extrinsic vs intrinsic

Answer 31

Act of individual vs influence from outside

Question 32

Maslow hierarchy:

Answer 32

``` Biological Safety Belonging and love Esteem Cognitive Aesthetic Self actualisation ```

Question 33

Aesthetic means

Answer 33

Beauty, order

Question 34

Esteem means

Answer 34

Social recognition and approval, competence

Question 35

Self actualisation

Answer 35

Intrinsic Motivation, altruism (selflessness)

Question 36

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 36

If a voluntary behaviour is rewarded it will be repeated

Question 37

Skinner

Answer 37

Proposed the associative learning theory (OC) based on thorndikes law

Question 38

OC

Answer 38

Operant conditioning

Question 39

Skinner expiriment

Answer 39

Rat in box, lever releases food, rat learns to press lever.

Question 40

Operant conditioning is an .... form of learning

Answer 40

Active (rat must act in order for conditioning to occur)

Question 41

Primary reinforcement

Answer 41

Rewards basic drives (nourishment, sex) and is independent of prior learning

Question 42

Secondarily reinforcements

Answer 42

Rewards learnt drives (money, praise) and is more subjective

Question 43

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 43

Reward enforces a response and increases likelihood of it’s occurance

Question 44

Negative reinforcement

Answer 44

Unpleasant condition is removed and again increases the likelihood of the response

Question 45

Punishment

Answer 45

is an aversive consequence that is intended to reduce the likelihood of recurrence

Question 46

Punishment is most effective when given

Answer 46

promptly

Question 47

The removal of punishments may lead to

Answer 47

Negative reinforcements

Question 48

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 48

Every positive response is rewarded

Question 49

Continuous reinforcement is acquired.....

Answer 49

Quickly

Question 50

Partial reinforcement

Answer 50

Only a fraction of responses are reinforced

Question 51

Partial reinforcement is divided into 2

Answer 51

Fixed interval reinforcement Fixed ratio reinforcement Variable interval reinforcement Variable ratio reinforcement

Question 52

Fixed interval reinforcement | Fixed ratio reinforcement

Answer 52

Reward follow fixed amount of time | Reward follows fixed amount of responses

Question 53

the response rate is at it’s maximum in ..... reinforcement

Answer 53

Continuous

Question 54

Method most resistant to extinction is .... reinforcement

Answer 54

Partial

Question 55

...... reinforcement is effective in maintaining rapid response rates

Answer 55

Fixed ratio

Question 56

In .... reinforcement the respond rates increase only at expected time of reward

Answer 56

Fixed interval

Question 57

Variable interval reinforcement | Variable ratio reinforcement

Answer 57

Reward follows a varying amount of time | Reward follows a varying number of responses

Question 58

Biofeedback

Answer 58

uses external feedback via instruments to provide usually unperceived biological information subsequently used to modify internal physiologic states.

Question 59

Biofeedback cam manipulate

Answer 59

Certain functions of the autonomic nervous system (pulse, blood pressure, muscle tone, pain perception)

Question 60

Fading

Answer 60

gradually removing the reinforcement without the individual becoming aware of the difference. Eg: smaller doses of medication

Question 61

2 explanations of depression

Answer 61

Learnt helplessness | Low rate of reinforcement

Question 62

Depression is a prolonged.... leading to ....

Answer 62

Extinction schedule | Passivity

Question 63

Example of learnt helplessness

Answer 63

Seligmans dog electric box

Question 64

Token economic

Answer 64

in which a desired behavior is rewarded with stickers or tokens which can then be swapped for privileges

Question 65

Stimulus control

Answer 65

is where a stimulus acquires control over behavior. | Eg: watching tv leads to over eating

Question 66

Shaping

Answer 66

achieves final target behavior by Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response. Eg: boy with autism is rewarded for saying one word urges him to speak more