Theory And Methdos P2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is functionalism?
A structural perspective that views social order as based on value consensus
What does parsons say?
-organic analogy (institutions work like organs together)
-value consensus and social order(maintenance through shared norms and values)
-system needs (adaptation,goal attainment,intergration,latency)
-social change (2 types of society traditional and modern)
What is goal attainment,adaptation,intergration,latency
Goal attainment- societies set goals and decisions about how power and economic resources are allocated
Adaptation-every society has to provide for the needs of its members in order of the society survive
Intergration-specialist institution develop to reduce conflict in society
Latency- unstated consequences of actions- there are 2 types of latency pattern maintenance and tension management- opportunites to release tension is a safe way
What are the two types of society?
Traditional-ascribed status,dissuseness(relationships with a range of functions),particularism(attitudes dependent on kinship),affectivity (immediate gratification)
Modern-achieves status,self orientation,specificity (relations are limited to function),universalism,affective neutrality(deferred gratification)
What does Durkheim say?
-social solidarity
-value consensus
-collective conscience
-anomie(individuals feel a loss of purpose)
-social fact
What does Merton say (internal criticism of fuctionalism?
-manifest and latent functions
-strain theory
-middle range theory (focus on specific aspects of social life )
What is manifest and latent functions ?
Manifest-the intended and obvious outcomes of a social action
Latent-unintended,hidden effects
Evaluation of functionalism?
Marx-says they ignore conflict and class inequality
Althusser-replaces parsons idea of value consensus with ideological state apparatus
Oakley- challenges parsons instrumental and expressive roles as sexists and socially constructed
Greer-see functionalism as ignoring patriarchal power structures
Lyotard/bauman-society is too fragmaneted for functionalism idea of consensus to be valid action theories
Weber-emphasis on the importance of indivual meanings
Giddens-attempts to bridge stricter and agency
ed
What is Marxism?
A structural conflict theory that has a fundamental rejection of capitalism
What does Marx say?
-historical materialism (every aspects of infastructrre is dictated by the economic base)
-class society(antient slavery,feudal society,capitalist society)
-3 district features of capitalism
-class consciousness
What are 3 succcessive class societies?
Antient slavery-exploitation of slave tied to workers
Feudal society-based on the exploitation of serfs legally tied to land
Capitalist society-based on exploitation of free wage labourers
What are 3 features of capitalism?
1.the means of production is in the hands of transnational corporations
2.competiion forces capitalism to pay the lowest wages possible
3.capitalism continually expands the forces of production in pursuit of profit
What does gramsci say?
-ruining class maintain its dominance in two key ways:
Coersion-army,police
Consent-ruining class use ideas and values
What does Althusser say?
Ideological state apparatus institutions are used to reinforce capitalist ideology
Capitalism exists on political, ideological and economic level
A03 for marxism?
Parsons-society is based on vlaue consensus
Davis and Moore-inequality in society is necessary to ensure most talented fit important roles
Hartmann-marxism fails to explain patriarchy
Walby-offers dual system theory its both capitalism and partiarchy
Lyotard-Marxism is a meta narrative
Symbolic interactionism- informed small scale interactions and how people create society
What is feminism?
Conflict theory
What type of feminists is Oakley and what does she say?
Liberal feminsts
The Enlightment project-recognise successive progress towards gender equality : changes in socialisation and culture, anti discrimination laws and policies
What type of femisnts is firestone and what does she say?
Radical feminsts
Patriarchy is the primary part of all inequality and conflicts
The personal is the political-all relationships involve power and they are political if one dominates the other
What does brown miler say?
Radical femisnts
Sexual policitcs-personal relationships are political because men dominate women throughthem
Separatism- living apart from men and creating a culture of female independence free from partiarchy
Consciousness raising-women only sonsciousness raising groups that lead to conllective action against men
Political lesbianism-heterosexual relationships are sleeping with the enemy
Barrett what does she say and what type of feminism?
Marxists feminists
Capitalism is the main form of female oppression not partiarchy, women provide cheaper exploitable labour are a reserve army of labour
-ideology in society from birth brainwashes women to believe sexual division of labour is normal
-society made it seem like the only way females can gain fulfillment is by hosuewife
Butler what type and what does she say?
Difference feminism
Don’t see women as a single hegemonic group-difference of class,ethnicity,sexuality
They all have different experiences
A03 for feminism?
Engles-suggested women’s familial oppression begin with the rise of capitalism- implying class struggle is the issue not gender roles
Parsons-sex role theory
Butler-criticises femisnts theory for assuming a fixed idea of a women
