theory questions best of Flashcards

Question

scar

Answer 1

replaced by fibrous tissue alopecia no pigmentation

Answer 2

cracks due to decreased elasticity

Answer 3

hyperkeratic alopecia over bony prominence chronic friction or pressure

Answer 4

thickening and hardening of skin hyper pigmented chronic friction

Answer 5

1. mandibular 2. prescapular 3. popliteal ``` when enlarged only : retro pharyngeal parotid axillary superficial inguinal mesenteric ```

Answer 6

press and if it disappears = hyperemia

Answer 7

tooting on expiration

Answer 8

on inspiration

Answer 9

before choanaes

Answer 10

trauma or blood vessel rupture

Answer 11

coagulation problem

Answer 12

tendency to vomit

Answer 13

goose honking sound

Answer 14

loud explosive

Answer 15

weak and dry

Answer 16

soft and weak

Answer 17

hacking cough

Answer 18

press tracheal rings or press thorax fast at expiration

Answer 19

from base of tongue to beginning of trachea

Answer 20

btw oral and laryngeal cavity in semilunar folds

Answer 21

usually inspiration is a bit longer than expiration

Answer 22

narrowed upper airways high abdominal pressure (pregnancy/ascites)

Answer 23

decreased lung elasticity | bronchitis

Answer 24

pain in one lung lobe

Answer 25

costoabdominal

Answer 26

soft blowing sound

Answer 27

h sound | normal above trachea

Answer 28

f and h together | normal in small dogs and cats above heart base (bifurcation)

Answer 29

non musical / wet 1. crepitation = hair rubbing = bronchopneumonia 2. crackling = burning wood =bronchopneumonia 3. rattling = drinking with straw = lung edema

Answer 30

1. whistling 2.wheezing obstruction of airways

Answer 31

upper airway stenosis _ tracheal collapse

Answer 32

like walking on snow | dry pleuritis

Answer 33

``` gas and fluid movement traumatic pleuritis (mainly cattle) ```

Answer 34

aspiration pneumonia | pneumothorax

Answer 35

``` laboured inspiration head and neck extended nostrils flared labial resp. scapula spreading sunken flanks sagging belly ``` ``` can be due to: narrowed upper airway pneumothorax pneumonia lung neoplasm ```

Answer 36

laboured expiration head and neck extended abdominal muscle work increased heave line in abdomen can be due to: obstruction of lower air passage emphysema neoplasm in pharynx or larynx

Answer 37

due to pulmonary edema emphysema compressed diaphragm

Answer 38

sharp long high resonant

Answer 39

``` TC = 11 TI = 10 SH = 8 ```

Answer 40

thickened thoracic wall less gas in lungs (neoplasm) pleural effusion (hydrothorax) solid masses in thorax

Answer 41

pneumothorax | subcutaneous emphysema

Answer 42

cachectic animal with lung emphysema

Answer 43

dog and horse

Answer 44

3-5th ics dog can palate both left and right cat only left

Answer 45

hypertrophy cardiac dislocation pericardial effusion

Answer 46

pneumothorax cardiac dislocation lung or skin emphysema

Answer 47

start of systole ventricles contract aortic and pulmonary valves open bi and tricuspid valves close

Answer 48

end of systole | aortic and pulmonary valves close

Answer 49

Strat of diastole | bi and tri cuspid valves open

Answer 50

end of diastole

Answer 51

free fluid in thorax

Answer 52

FRIDA frequency (heart rate + check if pulse deficit) rythm (regular-can decrease at expiration bcs of vagus) intensity (strong and even) demarcation(separation of heart sounds-galloping rythm) adventitious sounds (murmurs)

Answer 53

race horses | strong heart-lots of turbulence but fine

Answer 54

valve deformities

Answer 55

pleuritis or pericarditis stop the breathing murmur gets stronger = pericardial murmur stops = pleural

Answer 56

endocardial = same place / intensity / moment of cycle

Answer 57

pulmonary valve = left 3rd ics aortic valve = left 4th ics bicuspid valve = left 5th ics tricuspid valve = right 4th ics

Answer 58

1. very soft (quiet room) 2. very soft but easy to hear 3. moderate intensity easy to hear 4. loud. no remits 5. loud with remits 6. loudest, can hear with stethoscope lifted from chest

Answer 59

systolic and diastolic cat : brachial dog: saphenous / radialis

Answer 60

systolic | behind paw

Answer 61

``` direct = vein catheterization indirect = jugularis / saphena ```

Answer 62

30-40 % of circumference of limb or tail

Answer 63

in the SA node

Answer 64

outside the SA node

Answer 65

slow conduction

Answer 66

all beats are blocked | very slow heart beat

Answer 67

tachycardia

Answer 68

``` red = RF yellow = LF green = LH black = RH ```

Answer 69

should be empty below compression point and full above try to go back to the heart no emptying = right sided heart failure

Answer 70

press liver | jugular appears

Answer 71

always pathological

Answer 72

puppy at weaning tendency to regurgitate | esophageal problem

Answer 73

``` little frequency large amount watery no mucus nor blood combined with vomiting poor condition ```

Answer 74

``` great frequency small amounts blood or mucus creamy painfull no vomiting ```

Answer 75

1. thoracic inlet 2. heart base 3. distal esophageal sphincter btw base of heart and diaphragm

Answer 76

dull-resonant

Answer 77

``` ALT AST GGT ALKP albumin coagulation factors acute phase proteins fibrinogen-thrombin time ammonia concentration biopsy (lipid, protein, glycogen content) aspiration cytology x-ray ultrasound ```

Answer 78

``` x-ray ultrasound amylase lipase corn starch digestion test lipid absorption test fecal sample tests ```

Answer 79

third lumbar vertebrae behind the kidneys

Answer 80

sharp edges circumscribed firm

Answer 81

only if enlarged behind stomach left

Answer 82

``` symmetrical alopecia rat tail apathic can't deal with exercise likes warm places obese myxedema ```

Answer 83

``` cachectic agressive hypertrophic heart elevated BP restlessness ```

Answer 84

dog 1st tracheal ring

Answer 85

PU/PD polyphagia obese pot belly ascites symmetric alpoecia

Answer 86

parenchymal and fluid filled organs

Answer 87

L=cranial | R=caudal

Answer 88

cervical deformities | ataxia

Answer 89

muscular problems (wastage)

Answer 90

creatine kinase AST LDH Se

Answer 91

uneven pupil size

Answer 92

``` 0= none 1= hyporeflexia 2=normal 3=hyperreflexia 4=rapid series of muscle contractions ```

Answer 93

contraction of a larger muscle group than usual

Answer 94

opposite muscle group reacts

Answer 95

1. extensor carpi radialis 2. biceps 3. triceps 4. patellar 5. gastrocnemius

Answer 96

1. anal / perianal 2. panniculus (m.cutaneus trunci) 3. flexor reflexes (pinch take away paw)

Answer 97

no reflex caudal to the injury

Answer 98

no reflex at all

Answer 99

superficial deep vertebral column percussion

Answer 100

lateral processes

Answer 101

dorsal processes

Answer 102

increased NH3 in blood kidney failure hypocalcemia

Answer 103

from cortex thalamus brain stem

Answer 104

from cortex | acc. by tail chasing and fly catching

Answer 105

1. petit mal : rare in animals. increased m tone and transient loss of consciousness. 2. severe convulsions / loss of consciousness/urine and faces void 3. status epilepticus : seizures do not stop cortex damage

Answer 106

1. static = most severe 2. locomotive 3. intentional= fine adjustment movements only

Answer 107

circling | muscle weakness

Answer 108

sway wide stance involuntary movements

Answer 109

exaggerated steps | nystagmus (involuntary eye mvmts)

Answer 110

head tilt falls to affected side nystagmus

Answer 111

uni or bi lateral | muscle weakness