small practical questions Flashcards
1
Q
basic clinical values
A
species age sex condition : nutritional state BCS, grooming, behaviour, posture, gait T pulse breathing rate
2
Q
T dog
A
38,2 - 39
3
Q
pulse adult dog
A
femoral artery
70-100 beats/min
4
Q
pulse newborn dog
A
150-200 beats/min
5
Q
breathing rate adult dog
A
15-30 breaths/min
6
Q
breathing rate newborn dog
A
30-40 breaths/min
7
Q
BCS
A
- cachectic
- thin
- good
- stout
- obese
8
Q
Cat T
A
38,5 - 39,2
9
Q
Cat pulse
A
120-160 beats/min
10
Q
kitten pulse
A
200-250 beats/min
11
Q
breathing rate cat
A
20-30 breaths/min
12
Q
breathing rate kitten
A
35-45 breaths/min
13
Q
horse dogs and cats type of breathing
A
Costoabdominal
14
Q
Ru type of breathing
A
abdominal
15
Q
lung borders carnivores
A
tuber coxae 11
tuber ischiadicum 10
shoulder 8
16
Q
diernhofer triangle
A
behind the caudal border of the heart and before diaphragm
17
Q
normal sound of thorax in carnivores
A
sharp
long
resonant
18
Q
heart sound in carnivores
A
dull
short sound with low intensity
19
Q
1st heart sound
A
start of systole
ventricle contracts
aortic and pulmonary semilunar valve open
bi and tri cuspid valves close
feel pulse at the same time
20
Q
2nd heart sound
A
end of systole
aortic and pulmonary valves close
21
Q
3rd heart sound
A
start of diastole
bi and tri cuspid valves open
22
Q
4th heart sound
A
end of diastole
weak atrial contraction
23
Q
cat teeth
A
I3-C1-P3-M1
I3-C1-P2-M1
24
Q
dog teeth
A
I3-C1-P4-M2
I3-C1-P4-M3
25
normal GI sound
Borborygmi
26
cat kidney palpation
can feel both under last rib
27
dog kidney palpation
can feel only the left one
28
Panniculus reflex center
C7 to T1
29
Patella reflex center
L4-L6
30
Flexor reflex center
C6-T1 FL
| L4/6 to S1 HL
31
Cranial Nerve 1
Olfactory
| use food
32
Cranial Nerve 2
Optic nerve
- Falling cotton ball test
- Pupillary light reflex
- Menace reflex
- Obstacle reflex
33
Cranial nerve 3
```
Oculomotorius
check the pupil size
anisorcia : uneven pupil size
mydriasis : dilated
moisis : constricted
test together w. 4-trochlear and 6-abducens
provocation of physiological nystagmus
(move head around and check eye movements)
```
34
Cranial nerve 4
trochlear
35
cranial nerve 5
Trigeminal (mixed)
- palpebral reflex (blink n7)
- Corneal reflex (eyeball mvmt n6)
- food prehension/chewing/drinking
if disfunction:
repeated contraction of chewing muscles
sagging lower jaw
36
Cranial nerve 6
Abducens
37
Cranial nerve 7
```
Facialis (mixed)
uni or bi lateral paralysis
-palpebral reflex
-corneal reflex
-Menace reflex
-blow on ears to see mvmt
-sagging of ear/lip
-nostril pulled to healthy side
```
38
Cranial nerve 8
Vestibulo cochlear
- Clapping behind head
- look for head tilt and ataxia
- Horner syndrome
39
Cranial nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal aff.
| test w. Vagus
40
Cranial nerve 10
Vagus off.
-Swallowing/ gag reflex (reach base of tongue)
-laryngeal paralysie altered voice if unilateral
bilateral suffocation
41
Cranial nerve 11
Accessory nerve
| Check neck muscles for atrophy or weakness signs
42
Cranial nerve 12
Hypoglossal
movability of tongue
small- give food (cat put drop of water on nose)- after eating will lick nose
bilateral lesion: tongue hangs out
unilateral: tongue hangs to damaged side
43
puncta maxima
Left side:
- 3rd ics. = pulmonary artery
- 4th intercostal space = Aorta
- 5th ics.=Bicuspid valve
Right side:
--4th intercostal space = tricuspid valve
44
BP measurement Oscilloscope
systolic and diastolic BP
45
BP measurement Doppler sonography
systolic BP only
46
Increase systole
increase pulse
| faster more frequent and larger waves
47
decrease diastole
huge pounding pulse waves
48
heart rate or peripheral resistance increases
pulse size decreases
49
arterial BP
120
50
BP
cardiac output x peripheral resistance
51
pulse pressure
systolic-diastolic
52
arterial mean pressure
diastolic pressure + pulse pressure % 3
53
direct central venous P measurement
catheterisation
54
indirect central venous P measurement
examination of jugulars and saphène
55
ECG probes Eindhoven
red-RF
yellow-LF
green-LH
black-RH
56
jugular vein should be
empty
57
saphenous vein should be
full
58
milk vein should be
full
59
vein compression test uno emptying means
right sided heart failure
60
Frothy bloat
rumina gas trapped in bubbles-mix with luminal content-foam
fed young legumes like alfalfa or clovers-high saponins level/ highly digestible carbs-increase bacterial growth and gas prod.
distended rumen
ping resonant sound
tachycardia
61
free gas bloat
free gas accumulate in rumen separate from content
esophageal block or decrease vagus function
can reduce respiration
tympanic resonance of abdomen
62
young calves
milk goes into rumen instead of bypassing it and going to abomasum- ferment-bloat
63
lactic acidosis
increase concentrate feed
increase lactic acid prod.-kill bacterias except strept will prod. more lactic acid vicious cycle
stasis in rumination
64
regurgitation
passive
| from esophagus
65
vomitus
active
| from stomach or GI (check PH)
66
Liver tests
```
ALT (carnivores)
AST (herbivores)
bile duct obstruction:
GGT (liver sp. eq cats)
ALKP
Ammonia
```
67
KIdney tests
urea / creatinine ratio
| urine test
68
pancreas test
Amylase
| Lipase
69
Open anus can be
Rabies
innervation issue
Chronic colitis
70
Small intestine diarrhea
```
little frequency (2-3 x a day)
Lot of volume
Watery
No blood or mucus
Combined with vomitus
weight loss
```
71
large intestine diarrhea
great frequency
tiny amount
creamy with blood or mucus
painful
72
3 sites of obstruction in eosophagus
1. thoracic inlet
2. heart base
3. btw. base of heart and diaphragm
73
Cow right side top of the back percussionm steel like sound
Cecum and just below = small intestine
74
rocking horse position
large intestine constipation
75
sitting horse
over extended stomach
76
Ultrasound Left is
Cranial
77
Ultrasound right is
caudal
78
proprioceptive reflexes
1. extensor carpi radialis
2. Biceps
3. Triceps
4. Patellar (center L4 L6)
5. gastrocnemius
79
Nociceptive reflexes
1. Anal / perianal
2. Panniculus reflex
3. Flexor reflexes
80
Flexor reflex centre FL
C6-T1
81
Flexor reflex centre HL
L4-6-S1
82
Pain examination
1. Superficial
2. Deep
3. vertebral column percussion
83
cortical lesion
circling
84
Brain stem lesion
sways
| wide stance
85
Cerebellar lesion
exaggerated steps
| Nystagmus
86
Vestibular lesion
Head tilt to affected side
leans anf falls
Nystagmus
87
Spinal damage
Uni or bi lateral
muscle weakness
incoordination
88
Postural reflexes
```
1- wheelbarrow (brouette)
2-Hoping test
3- Hemi-walking
4-Knuckling over
5-Crossing over
6-Tactile placing
7-Tactile and optical placing
8-Reflex stepping (simba)
9- Pushing/swaying reflex
10-Tonic neck reaction (push head up=sit)
```
89
Bilateral postural reflex issues
Cortical
| brain stem
90
Ipsilateral postural reflex issues
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
91
Upper motor neuron lesion
FL = increased muscle tone
| spinal reflexes = over responsive
92
Lower motor neuron lesion
Decreased muscle tone
| Spinal reflexes are reduced
93
Panniculus reflex center
C7 to T1
94
Brachial and Lumbar plexus
6243
C6-T2
L4-S4
95
Brachial plexus lesion
FL and HL spastic
96
Lesion btw brachial and lumbar plexuses
FL normal
| HL spastic
97
Lumbar plexus lesion
FL normal
| HL flaccid
98
Horner syndrome
loss of S innervation to the skull
due to middle ear infection
```
anisorcia w. miosis on the affected side
ptosis
sagging of eyelid
enophtalmosis (eye sucken in socket)
third eyelid prolapse
```
99
upper motor neuron lesion
spastic
100
lower motor neuron
flaccid
101
plexuses location
6243
brachial = C6-T2
Lumbar = L4-S3
102
brachial plexus lesion
```
FL = flaccid
HL= spastic
```
103
lesion btw brachial and lumbar plexuses
HL= spastic
104
lesion to lumbar plexus
HL= flaccid
105
radiography most dense
radio opaque (white)
106
radiography gas
radiolucent (black)
107
doppler echocardiography
```
red = flow towards transducer
blue = away
```
108
endoscope
```
look into a hollow organ
rigid or flexible
light delivery system
eyepiece
imager / video
instruments to take biopsies and samples
deflection knobs (right hand)
hand piece (hold in left hand)
cystoscope forbidden in male cats !
```
examination / foreign body removal /samples / bronchoalveolar lavage
