THEORY TEST #2 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Which statement about the nervous system is FALSE?
A) It is a System highly resistant to change
B) It responds and adapts to changes in the environment
C) It forms a continuous and dynamic tissue
D) It integrates information and responds to changes
A
A) It is a System highly resistant to change
2
Q
Which connective tissue layer encases a single neuron? A) Perineurium B) Endoneurium C) Epineurium D) Mesoneurium
A
B) Endoneurium
3
Q
Which statement best describes the functions of the peripheral nervous system?
A) It integrates sensory and motor impulses facilitating body functions
B) It facilitates many body functions by integrating sensory impulses
C) It carries nerve impulses to the CNS and to effectors
D) It processes afferent impulses and responds via motor signals
A
C) It carries nerve impulses to the CNS and to effectors
4
Q
Autonomic functions are mediated by action of which nervous system division? A) Sensory and motor B) Somatic and sympathetic C) Somatic and parasympathetic D) Parasympathetic and sympathetic
A
D) Parasympathetic and sympathetic
5
Q
Which cell is associated with myelination in the PNS? A) Astrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Ependymal cells
A
B) Schwann cells
6
Q
Which ion is crucial for the release of neurotransmitter molecules at the pre-synaptic membrane? A) Na+ B) K+ C) Ca++ D) Cl-
A
C) Ca++
7
Q
Which statement about graded potentials is FALSE?
A) They can summate to generate action potentials
B) They are self-propagating and act over long distances
C) They are short lived local changes in membrane potential
D) They are changes in potential that can be inhibitory or excitatory
A
B) They are self-propagating and act over long distances
8
Q
Which statement about myelinated axons is TRUE?
A) Action potentials are initiated along the entire length of the neuron
B) Voltage-gated channels are found only at axon terminals
C) Myelination decreases the rate of Salvatore conduction
D) Myelination allows for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses
A
D) Myelination allows for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses
9
Q
Which event is typical of neurotransmission?
A) Calcium ions are pumped into the axon terminal
B) Nuerotransmitter molecules bind to pre-synaptic membrane
C) Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft
D) It always results in initiation and propagation of action potentials
A
C) Neurotrasnmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft
10
Q
Which event leads to the generation of excitatory post-synaptic potentials? A) Closing of Na+1 channels B) Closing of K+1 channels C) Opening of Cl-1 channels D) Opening of Na+1 channels
A
D) Opening of Na+1 channels
11
Q
Which statement describes adaptation in sensory receptors?
A) Does not generate actions potentials when a stimulus is initially applied
B) Keeps generating action potentials despite removal of the stimulus
C) Stops generating action potentials once the stimulus has been removed
D) Stops generating action potentials despite continued presence of the stimulus
A
D) Stops generating action potentials despite continued presence of the stimulus
12
Q
Voltage-gated channels respond to A) Neurotransmitters B) Membrane distortions C) Hormonal stimuli D) Electrical signals
A
D) Electrical signals
13
Q
The ectoderm gives rise to which of the following tissues? A) Connective and nervous B) Connective and muscle C) Nervous and epithelial D) Nervous and muscle
A
C) Nervous and epithelial
14
Q
Which statement describes a converging neuronal circuit?
A) It is one pre-synaptic neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons
B) It is several pre-synaptic neurons synapse on one post-synaptic neuron
C) It is common in reflexive pathways and allows for repetitious movement
D) It is associated with controlling activities such as the sleep-wake cycle
A
B) It is several pre-synaptic neurons synapse on one post-synaptic neuron
15
Q
Pacinian corpuscles in the skin provide information about which sensory modality? A) Tendon stretch B) Pain and temperature C) Deep pressure and stretch D) Balance and body position
A
C) Deep pressure and stretch
16
Q
Which sensory receptor does NOT transmit proprioceptive signals to the brain? A) Ruffini’s corpuscles B) Muscle spindles C) Joint kinesthetic receptors D) Meissner’s corpuscles
A
D) Meissner’s corpuscles
17
Q
Which type of signal is transmitted along 1st order neurons? A) Sensory to the spinal cord B) Motor to pyramidal cells C) Sensory to the brain D) Motor to muscles
A
A) Sensory to the spinal cord
18
Q
Which tract does not decussate at the medulla oblongata A) Fasciculus cuneatus B) Lateral Corticospinal C) Lateral spinothalamic D) Fasciculus Gracilis
A
C) Lateral spinothalamic
19
Q
Which term describes a lack of sensation A) Anaesthesia B) Somesthesia C) Kinaesthsia D) Brandykineasia
A
A) Anaesthesia
20
Q
The Fasciculi Gracilis and cunneatus transmit nerve signals associated with which sensory modality? A) Discriminative touch B) Pain and temperature C) Gross motor coordination D) Regulation of vital signs
A
A) Discriminative touch
21
Q
Which area of the brain enables us to identify objects without looking at them? A) Primary motor cortex B) Premotor cortex C) Primary somatosensory D) Somatosensory association
A
D) Somatosensory association
22
Q
Damage to which sensory area of the cerebral cortex results in functional blindness? A) Vestibular cortex B) Primary visual area C) Gustatory cortex D) Wernicke’s area
A
B) Primary visual area
23
Q
Which statement about the thalamus syndrome is FALSE?
A) It is a condition due to an infarct leading to tissue necrosis
B) It is manifested by motor dysfunction limited to one side of the body
C) It is manifested by a loss of sensation on one side of the body
D) It is accompanied occasionally by hypersensitivity to heat and cold
A
B) It is manifested by motor dysfunction limited to one side of the body
24
Q
Which statement describes somatotophy
A) Mapping of regions of the body in CNS structures
B) Contralateral manifestations due to cortical injury
C) Functional specialization of hemispheric activity
D) Cerebral dominance in reflexive behaviours
A
A) Mapping of regions of the body in CNS structures
25
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Which level of neuronal integration is associated with the spinal cord
A) Circuit
B) Programs
C) Segmental
D) Projection
```
A) Circuit
26
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Which area does the medulla oblongata regulate?
A) Pain discrimination
B) Balance and muscle tone
C) Gross Motor coordination
D) Vital functions
```
D) Vital functions
27
```
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for activating fascial muscles concerned with speech?
A) Brocca’s
B) Gnostic
C) Wernicke’s
D) Brodmanns
```
A) Brocca’s
28
```
Which brain center is NOT active in controlling body movement?
A) Cerebral cortex
B) Hypothalamus
C) Basal Nuclei
D) Cerebellum
```
B) Hypothalamus
29
Which statement about damage to the motor cortex is TRUE?
A) Damage to the motor cortex rarely results in paralysis of large muscles
B) Specific muscles paralyzed due to cortical injury depend on the site of injury
C) Lesions result in hemiplegia of the ipsilateral side
D) Posterior primary cortex lesions lead to paresis of distal extensor muscles
B) Specific muscles paralyzed due to cortical injury depend on the site of injury
30
```
The basal nuclei are instrumental in regulating _______
A) Pain discrimination
B) Balance and muscle tone
C) Motor coordination
D) Vital functions
```
C) Motor coordination
31
In which area do upper motor neurons synapse on lower motor neurons?
A) Lateral Corticospinal tracts
B) Dorsal horns of spinal cord segments
C) Anterior horns of spinal cord segments
D) Nerve roots entering the anterior horns
C) Anterior horns of spinal cord segments
32
Which statement about levels of reflex action is TRUE?
A) Segmental Level circuits are associated with several spinal cord segments
B) Intersegmental levels include spinal cord segments and the brain
C) Segmental level reflexes elicit limited motor responses
D) Suprasegmental responses involve hypothalamus
C) Segmental level reflexes elicit limited motor responses
33
```
Which state is a result of the destruction of lower motor neurons?
A) Flaccid paralysis
B) Spastic paralysis
C) Hyperthesia
D) Fasciculations
```
A) Flaccid paralysis
34
Which statement about the stretch reflex is FALSE?
A) Reduces the force of muscle contraction to prevent injury
B) Results in muscle contraction to prevent tearing of muscle fibres
C) Associated with a simple monosynaptic reflex arc
D) A direct afferent-to-efferent neuron reflex
A) Reduces the force of muscle contraction to prevent injury
35
Muscle tone is regulated primarily by the action of which set of neuromuscular circuits?
A) Alpha motor neurons on intrafusal fibres
B) Alpha motor neurons on the extramural fibres
C) Gamma motor neurons on the intrafusal fibres
D) Gamma motor neurons on the extramural fibres
C) Gamma motor neurons on the intrafusal fibres
36
Which statement about hypoxia is TRUE?
A) It is damage due to reduced tissue perfusion is extensive
B) Hypoxia respresents a severe loss of blood supply to an area
C) Hypoxia is fairly well tolerated by the brain and compensated for
D) Auto-regulation is ineffective in compensating for the effects of hypoxia
C) Hypoxia is fairly well tolerated by the brain and compensated for
37
```
Which structure produces 90% of the CSF?
A) Astrocytes
B) Dural sinuses
C) Choroid plexus
D) Lateral ventricles
```
C) Choroid plexus
38
Which statement about blood supply to the brain is TRUE?
A) Auto-regulation helps to maintain cerebral blood flow and pressure
B) The circle of Willis is a venous anastomoses in the brain
C) The vertebral artery provides blood supply to their posterior neck
D) Parasympathetic Innervation controls major blood vessels to the brain
A) Auto-regulation helps to maintain cerebral bloods flow and pressure
39
Which set names the meninges from superficial to deep?
A) Dura mater/arachnoid mater/Pia mater
B) Dura mater/ Pia mater/arachnoid mater
C) Pia mater/arachnoid mater/ dura mater
D) Arachnoid mater/ Dura mater/ Pia mater
A) Dura mater/ Arachnoid mater/ Pia mater
40
```
Cytotoxic edema does NOT lead to _____
A) Neuronal necrosis
B) Stupor or coma
C) Grey matter swelling
D) Reduced intracranial Pressure
```
D) Reduced intracranial pressure
41
Which statement about cerebrovascular accidents is FALSE?
A) Cognitive deficits may result
B) There is no associated motor loss
C) It results in infarction and focal ischemia
D) It can be due to blood vessel obstruction
B) There is no associated motor loss
42
```
Resting tremors, difficulty initiating movement and rigidity are symptoms associated with which condition?
A) Seizure disorders
B) Spinal cord injuries
C) Alzheimer’s disease
D) Parkinson’s disease
```
D) Parkinson’s disease
43
Where in the brain does the initiation of voluntary movement occur?
Primary Motor Cortex
44
What cells reside in the primary motor cortex?
Pyramidal Cells
45
List any tracts that descend from the pyramidal cells and their alternate names
Anterior and Lateral Pyramidal (Corticospinal) tracts
46
Do pyramidal tracts decussate??
Yes
47
Where do the Anterior and Lateral Pyramidal tracts decussate?
Anterior Corticospinal decussates at SC level
| Lateral Corticospinal decussates at Medulla
48
Cecile is not having a great day. She fell down a hill and suffered a head injury. Cecile’s upper motor neurons have been injured, what area of the brain are these in and how will her injury manifest?
Primary motor cortex, Spasticity
49
List effects of a neuromodulator
```
Presynaptic:
- Affect synthesis and release of NTs
- Affect degradation or re-uptake of NTs
Post-synaptic:
- Change in receptor sensitivity
```
50
Jared fell asleep last night with his arm over the back of a chair. He has damaged one of his LMNs in the process. What are some of the resulting symptoms that Jared can expect?
Paresis ranging to flaccidity and flaccid paralysis of affected muscles
51
Mary was fishing for her keys inside of her purse at her front door. What part of Marys brain enables her to identify which purse object is her keys vs her lipstick
Somatosensory association
52
```
Mix n Match
Dysmetria - Slow Movement
Hyperesthesia - Awareness of movement
Bradykinesia - Heightened perception
Anaesthesia - Overshooting or undershooting
Kinathesia - Loss of sensation
```
```
Hyperesthesia - Heightened sensation
Bradykinesia - Slow movement
Anaesthesia - Loss of sensation
Kinaesthesia - Awareness of movement
Dysmetria - Overshooting or undershooting
```
53
List the levels of motor and sensory integration
Motor - Programs and instruction aka. Precommand level, projection level, circuit level
Sensory - Receptor level, Circuit level, perceptual level
54
Compare and contrast the CNS to the PNS
```
CNS = Brain SC
PNS = Receptors and neurons peripheral to the brain SC
```
55
Which division of the nervous system is most associated with homeostasis
Parasympathetic
56
List neurological support cells and their roles (specify CNS or PNS)
CNS:
- Astrocytes: Maintain the chemical environment neurons
- Ependymal cells: Create CSF and the BBB
- Oligodendrocytes: Myelination cells in CNS
- Microglial: Phagocytosing cells
PNS:
- Schwann cells: Myelination in PNS
- Satellite cells: Maintain chemical environment of neurons
57
What is the point of myelination anyways?
Increases the speed of signal transmission
58
Describe 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neurons - also list PNS or CNS for each
1st order neurons - PNS receptor to periphery
2nd order neurons - CNS originate in dorsal horn, terminate cerebellum or thalamus (via reticular formation)
3rd order neurons - CNS originate in thalamus and terminate on cortex
59
Similarly describe motor neurons
UMNs - Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts originating in the motor cortex and brain stem nuclei terminating in the ventral horn CNS
LMNs - Originating in ventral horn and terminating on the effector (skeletal mm, cardiac mm or glands) PNS
60
List the layers of connective tissue that encase a nerve
Epineurium - Around entire nerve
Perineurium - Around fascicles of nerve cells
Endoneurium - Encasing individual nerve cells
61
```
Which area in the brain is the main integration centre for autonomic activity?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Medulla Oblongata
C) Thalamus
D) Epithalamus
```
A) Hypothalamus
62
List Proprioceptors
```
Muscle spindle
Golgi tendon organs
Ruffini corpuscles
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Pacinian corpuscles
```
63
Which state characterizes Repolarization
A) Decreased membrane permeability to K+
B) Return to the resting membrane potential
C) Change in the resting membrane potential
D) Increased membrane permeability to Na+
B) Return to the resting membrane potential
64
```
Mix n Match
Na+ channels - Resting
K+ channels - Action-Propagating
K+/Na+ Pump - Graded inhibitory
Voltage gated channels - Graded excitatory
```
Na+ channels - Graded excitatory
K+ channels - Graded inhibitory
K+/Na+ Pump - Resting
Voltage gated channels - Action-Propagating
65
Describe synaptic delay
The time it takes for neurotransmitters to enter and cross the synapse and bind to chemically gated channels in order to open them up. This increases the amount of time it takes for the signal to be transmitted
66
Mix n Match
1st order - Thalamus
2nd order - PNS
3rd order - Decussate
1st order - PNS
2nd order - Decussate
3rd order - Thalamus
67
Jerome is the newest contestant on the hunger games. Or at least he is now in a situation where his nervous system must be concerned with his survival. Which branch of Jeromes NS is currently active?
Sympathetic
68
An area of the brain exists that does not receive any sensory input
True or False
True
69
```
Which type of cell creates CSF?
A) Ependymal
B) Astrocytes
C) Schwann
D) Oligodendrocytes
```
A) Ependymal
70
```
Dr. Frankenstein just came back from Costco with another load of adult diapers for his latest monster. She’s been having trouble with her proprioceptive functions, which tract did Dr. Frankenstein likely mess up?
A) Reticulospinal
B) Spinocerebellar
C) Vestibulospinal
D) Rubrospinal
```
A) Spinocerebellular
71
```
Mix n Match
EPSPs - Cl-
IPSPs - Na+
Action Potential Depolarization - Ca+
Release of NTs - Na+
```
EPSPs - Na+
IPSPs - Cl-
Action Potential Depolarization - Na+
Release of NTs - Ca+
72
Describe a neuronal pool
Functional groups of billions of association neurons that integrate incoming information and facilitate coordinated responses to environmental stimuli
73
Samwell woke with a start from his afternoon nap. He was aware of a weird tickling sensation touching the skin of his body but oddly enough he unable to pinpoint where the sensation was originating from. What ability has Samwell lost?
Spatial discrimination
74
```
Which type of synaptic junctions tend to modulate signals?
A) Axoaxonic
B) Axodendritic
C) Dendrodendritic
D) Axosomatic
```
A) Axoaxonic
75
```
Mix n Match
Diverging - Diverge+Converge
Parallel after discharge - few neurons -many
Reverberating - many neurons - few
Converging - synapses back
```
Diverging - few neurons - many
Parallel after discharge - diverge+converge
Reverberating - synapses back
Converging - many neurons - few
76
Which circuit is used in positive feedback mechanisms?
Reverberating
77
Muscle tone is primarily maintained by the activity of the _______ motor system
Gamma Motor
78
Upon which type of mm fibre does gamma motor neuron act on?
Intrafusal mm fibres
79
Which area of the brain feeds into the gamma motor neuron system and helps maintain mm tone
Cerebellum
80
```
Which area of the cerebral cortex is associated with intellect, memory, and complex learning abilities?
A) Wernicke’s area
B) Visceral association
C) General interpretation
D) Prefrontal cortex
```
D) Prefrontal cortex
81
Mix n Match
Somatosensory association - Language
Limbic association area - Sensory integration
Prefrontal cortex - Emotional context
Wernicke’s area - Understanding/Formulation of thoughts
Somatosensory association - Sensory integration
Limbic association area - Emotional context
Prefrontal cortex - Understanding/Formulation of thoughts
Wernicke’s area - Language
82
Which statement about the stretch reflex is true?
A) It reduces the force of muscle contraction to prevent injury
B) It is activated by GTO sensory neurons and nociceptors
C) It is a complex reflex that activates multi-synaptic pathways
D) It is initiated by mm spindles in response to forceful stretch
D) It is initiated by mm spindles in response to forceful stretch
83
List the various ascending tracts and their associated modalities
Lateral spinothalamic tract - pain sensation, temperature
Fasiculus grascilis tract - discriminative touch, pressure and body position - lower body
Fasiculus cuneatus - discriminative touch, pressure and boy position - upper body
Anterior spinothalamic tract - crude touch and pressure
Spinocerebellar - proprioception
