Path Theory Test#6 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Which one of the following processes occurs in the nasal passages? A) Conditioning of inspired air B) Pulmonary ventilation C) Capillary perfusion D) Gas exchange
A
A) Conditioning of inspired air
2
Q
In which one of the following respiratory system structures does gas exchange take place? A) Bronchi B) Trachea C) Bronchioles D) Alveoli
A
D) Alveoli
3
Q
Which one of the following is NOT a primary respiratory process A) Internal respiration B) External respiration C) Pulmonary ventilation D) Oxygenate the lungs
A
D) Oxygenate the lungs
4
Q
The diaphragm muscle is controlled by which of the following spinal nerve segments? A) C2-C4 B) C3-C5 C) C4-C6 D) C5-C7
A
B) C3-C5
5
Q
In which area in the bronchial tree does gas exchange occur? A) Conducting B) Respiratory C) Visceral pleura D) Respiratory membrane
A
D) Respiratory membrane
6
Q
Which one of the following groups of cells/structures warms inspired air? A) Tonsils B) Goblet cells C) Serous cells D) Plexus of venules
A
D) Plexus of venules
7
Q
An increase in which one of the following factors increases the affinity of O2 to hemoglobin A) Partial pressure of O2 B) Air temperature C) Concentration of hydrogen ions D) Partial pressure of CO2
A
A) Partial pressure of O2
8
Q
Which one of the following factors that affect gas exchange in the alveoli is a constant value?
A) thickness of the respiratory membrane
B) Solubility of O2 & CO2
C) Partial pressure gradient of O2 & CO2
D) Ventilation-perfusion coupling
A
B) Solubility of O2 & CO2
9
Q
Which one of the following statements regarding ventilation-perfusion coupling is FALSE?
A) High oxygen levels in the alveoli lead to greater perfusion
B) Low oxygen levels in the alveoli lead to less perfusion
C) Reduced ventilation leads to vasodilation and decreased perfusion
D) Increased ventilation leads to vasodilation and increased perfusion
A
C) Reduced ventilation leads to vasodilation and decreased perfusion
10
Q
Which statement about regulation/control of respiration is FALSE?
A) CO2 in the blood is the most potent regulator of respiration
B) Oxygen level in the blood is the most potent regulator of respiration
C) The ventral root group contains neurons affecting both inspiration and expiration
D) The DRG & VRG are located in the medulla oblongata
A
B) Oxygen level in the blood is the most potent regulator of respiration
11
Q
Which one of the following statements defines expiration reserve volume?
A) The sum of all lung volumes
B) Total amount of exchangeable air in the lungs
C) Amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal volume
D) Amount of air that can be exhaled after a tidal expiration
A
D) Amount of air that can be exhaled after a tidal expiration
12
Q
In general, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are a group of disorders that manifest with which one of the following?
A) Pulmonary edema and lung collapse
B) Infection, abscesses and granuloma formation
C) Inflammation and fibrotic changes in lung tissue
D) Recurrent obstruction of air flow in pulmonary airways
A
D) Recurrent obstruction of air flow in pulmonary airways
13
Q
Which one of the following factors is considered the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A) Smog B) Cigarette smoking C) Airborne allergens D) Autoimmune factors
A
B) Cigarette smoking
14
Q
What is a major cause of dyspnea? A) Bronchodilation B) Shortness of breath C) Loss of elastic recoil D) Bronchoconstriction
A
D) Bronchoconstriction
15
Q
In general, with sign/symptom is NOT cardinal to respiratory disorders? A) Fibrosis B) Wheezing C) Coughing D) Rales
A
A) Fibrosis
16
Q
Which one of the following diseases is an interstitial lung disease? A) Pleuritis B) Sarcoidosis C) Tuberculosis D) Acute bronchitis
A
B) Sarcoidosis
17
Q
Which statement about inflammatory pulmonary processes is FALSE?
A) They fight invading organisms within the respiratory system
B) The inflammatory responses to various irritants are different
C) Alveolar macrophages isolate and destroy invading organisms
D) They can be complicated by specific causative agents
A
B) The inflammatory responses to various irritants are different
18
Q
Which one of the following is NOT a sign of Asthma? A) Wheezing B) Rales C) Coughing D) Chest tightness
A
B) Rales
19
Q
Interstitial lung diseases are a group of disorders that manifest with which state?
A) Pulmonary edema and hyperventilation
B) Inflammation and fibrotic changes in lung tissue
C) Destruction of elastic and alveolar tissue spaces
D) Infection, abscesses and granuloma formation
A
B) Inflammation and fibrotic changes in lung tissue
20
Q
Chronic bronchitis is NOT accompanied by which manifestation? A) Ventilation-perfusion imbalances B) A persistent productive cough C) Hypoxemia and cyanosis D) Barrel chest posture
A
D) Barrel chest posture
21
Q
Which presentation is atypical of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders? A) Hypertrophy of bronchial walls B) Increased lung compliance C) Excessive mucus secretion D) Loss of alveolar tissue
A
B) Increased lung compliance
22
Q
Pulmonary hypertension describes the elevation of blood pressure \_\_\_\_ A) Due to a pulmonary infarct B) In the pulmonary venal system C) Due to inflammatory processes D) In the pulmonary arterial system
A
D) In the pulmonary arterial system
23
Q
Which one of the following terms describes incomplete lung expansion A) Pleuritis B) Atelectasis C) Bronchiectasis D) Pneumothroax
A
B) Atelectasis
24
Q
What is the most common cause of lung cancer? A) Cigarette smoking B) Chronic bronchitis C) Inhaled allergens other than smoke D) Metastasis from other types of cancer
A
A) Cigarette smoking
25
```
Emphysema is categorized as which type of respiratory disorder?
A) Inflammatory
B) Pulmonary vascular
C) Lung inflation
D) Obstructive
```
D) Obstructive
26
```
Which organ system removes waste most similar to waste removed by the urinary system
A) Integumentary
B) Respiratory
C) Digestive
D) Immune
```
A)Integumentary
27
```
Which one of the following organs is NOT part of the urinary system?
A) Liver
B) Kidney
C) Urethra
D) Bladder
```
A) Liver
28
```
Which one of the following does NOT enter or exit the kidney via the renal hilus
A) Lymph vessels
B) Blood vessels
C) Nerves
D) Urethra
```
D) Urethra
29
```
Which function of the kidney affects homeostasis indirectly
A) Removal of metabolic waste
B) Regulation of water balance
C) Production of red blood cells
D) Regulation of acid-base balance
```
C) Production of red blood cells
30
Which statement about blood supply to the kidney is TRUE?
A) The renal arteries arise directly from the aortic arch
B) The renal veins carry de-oxygenated blood to the kidneys
C) The afferent and efferent arterioles carry oxygenated blood
D) The renal arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the kidneys
C) The afferent and efferent arterioles carry oxygenated blood
31
Which statement about the proximal convoluted tubules is TRUE?
A) It is a major site of reabsorption of nutrients and electrolytes
B) It is a tight network of blood vessels where blood filtration occur
C) It is the primary site of reabsorption of water from the tubule
D) It is the site of excess ions are secreted back from the capillaries
A) It is a major site of reabsorption of nutrients and electrolytes
32
```
Which substances is NOT normally found in the glomeruler filtrate
A) Ions
B) Urea
C) Creatinine
D) Protein
```
D) Protein
33
Which one of the following statements about the net filtration pressure (NFP) is TRUE?
A) Represents the blood pressure in glomerulus
B) The sum of capillary and interstitial osmotic pressure of the filtrate
C) The difference between the glomeruler and capsular hydrostatic pressures
D) Differences between forces pushing fluid out of & drawing it into the glomerulus
D) Differences between forces pushing fluid out of & drawing it into the glomerulus
34
Which one of the following occurs when systemic blood pressure drops significantly?
A) No significant change in glomeruler filtration
B) Increased reabsorption of waste products
C) There is a loss of nutrients from the body
D) Increased glomeruler filtration rate
B) Increased reabsorption of waste products
35
```
Which substance is normally found in urine?
A) Glucose
B) Proteins
C) Nutrients
D) Electrolytes
```
D) Electrolytes
36
Which mechanism does NOT have a role in regulating renal blood flow?
A) Intrinsic renal auto-regulation
B) Renin-angiotensin mechanism
C) Sympathetic nervous system controls
D) Parasympathetic nervous system controls
D) Parasympathetic nervous system controls
37
```
What is the primary driving force that results in the initial filtration of blood in the nephron?
A) Blood osmotic pressure
B) Capsular hydrostatic pressure
C) Glomeruler hydrostatic pressure
D) Intrapleural pressure
```
C) Glomeruler hydrostatic pressure
38
```
Which term describes excess levels of sodium in the blood?
A) Hypercapnia
B) Hypocapnia
C) Hypernaturemia
D) Hyponaturemia
```
C) Hypernaturemia
39
```
Urinary tract infections are least common in which one of the following populations?
A) Diabetics
B) Elderly people
C) Postmenopausal women
D) Young adult males
```
D) Young adult males
40
In which set is a disorder incorrectly matched with its Etiology
A) Glomerulonephritis - injury to the glomeruler filtrate
B) Hypertension - vascular disease
C) Pyelonnephritis - Damage to the interstitium
D) Arteriosclerosis - Urinary bladder dysfunction
D) Arteriosclerosis - Urinary bladder dysfunction
41
```
Chronic renal failure is often associated with anemia due to which factor?
A) Insufficient retention of iron
B) Reduced levels of erythropoietin
C) Loss of vitamin B12 in the urine
D) Loss of red blood cells in the urine
```
B) Reduced levels of erythropoietin
42
Which statement about kidney pathologies is TRUE?
A) Nephroblastoma is a benign renal tumour seen most often in young children
B) Diabetic nephropathy involves a thinning out of the glomeruler membrane
C) The origin of many cases of glomeruleronephritis is bacterial infection
D) Urinary tract and kidney infections predispose to gall bladder stones
C) The origin of many cases of glomerulonephritis is bacterial infection
43
```
Which clinical manifestation is described as the presence of blood in urine
A) Azotemia
B) Uremia
C) Hematuria
D) Nephritis
```
C) Hematuria
44
Which set of clinical manifestations characterizes the nephritic syndrome?
A) Azotemia, Oliguria, Hypertension
B) Hematuria, Hypertension, Proteinuria
C) Hyperlipidemia, Hypoalbuminemia, Edema
D) Proteinuria, Oliguria, Generalized Edema
A) Azotemia, Oliguria, Hypertension
45
```
Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
A) Proteinuria
B) Hematuria
C) Hypertension
D) Oliguria
```
A) Proteinuria
46
```
Which term describes heart failure resulting from primary lung disease and long-term hypertension?
A) Chronic respiratory disorders
B) Thromboembolytic disorders
C) Acute respiratory disorders
D) Cor Pulmonale
```
D) Cor Pulmonale
47
```
Which renal disorder is common in young children
A) Wilm’s tumour
B) Renal calculi
C) Pyelonephritis
D) Hypernephroma
```
A) Wilm’s tumour
48
```
Which one of the following terms is related to taste?
A) Gustation
B) Olfaction
C) Auditory
D) Optical
```
A) Gustation
49
Which statement about nerve pathways of special senses is TRUE?
A) Vision pathways begin in the visual cortex and end in the retina of eye
B) The smell pathway begins with photoreceptors
C) The auditory pathway signals are sent along the Vestibulocochlear nerve
D) The taste pathway begins with photoreceptors located in the taste buds
C) The auditory pathway signals are sent along the Vestibulocochlear nerve
50
```
Which one of the following structures is in the upper respiratory tract?
A) Alveoli
B) Lungs
C) Trachea
D) Bronchial tree
```
C) Trachea
51
```
Which one of the following respiratory tract structures is responsible for voice production?
A) Bronchi
B) Alveoli
C) Larynx
D) Pleurae
```
C) Larynx
52
Which one of the following statements best describes external respiration
A) Movement in the lungs of O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood
B) Catabolic processes that produce energy in tissue cells
C) Processes buffering the blood and preventing acidosis
D) Diffusion of gases through ultra-thin membranes in the lungs
A) Movement in the lungs of O2 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood
53
Which one of the following statements regarding muscles of respiration is FALSE?
A) Include the diaphragm and external intercostals
B) Accessory muscles facilitate forced inspiration
C) Accessory muscles facilitate forced expiration
D) Inspiration and expiration are active processes
D) Inspiration and expiration are active processes
54
```
Which one of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?
A) Alveolar sacs
B) Alveolar ducts
C) Primary bronchi
D) Respiratory bronchioles
```
C) Primary bronchi
55
```
Which one of the following groups of cells/structures warms inspired air?
A) Tonsils
B) Goblet cells
C) Serous cells
D) Plexus of venule
```
D) Plexus of venule
56
```
An increase in which of the following factors increases the affinity of O2 to hemoglobin?
A) Partial pressure of O2
B) Air temperature
C) Concentration of hydrogen ions
D) Ventilation-perfusion coupling
```
A) Partial pressure of O2
57
Which one of the following factors that affect gas exchange in the alveoli is a constant value?
A) Thickness of the respiratory membrane
B) Solubility of O2 & CO2
C) Partial pressure gradient of O2 & CO2
D) Ventilation-perfusion coupling
B) Solubility of O2 & CO2
58
Which one of the following statements regarding ventilation-perfusion coupling is FALSE?
A) High oxygen levels in the alveoli lead to greater perfusion
B) Low oxygen levels in the alveoli lead to less perfusion
C) Reduced ventilation leads to vasodilation and decreased perfusion
D) Increased ventilation leads to vasodilation and increased perfusion
C) Reduced ventilation leads to vasodilation and decreased perfusion
59
Which one of the following defines tidal volume?
A) The sum of all lung volumes
B) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breath
C) Amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
D) Amount of air that can be evacuated after a tidal expiration
B) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breath
60
```
Insufficient secretion of surfactant is the primary cause of which one of the following disorders
A) Premature infant distress syndrome
B) Obstructive respiratory disease
C) Allergic rhinitis and Asthma
D) ‘blue bloater’ syndrome
```
A) Premature infant distress syndrome
61
```
Which of the following factors is NOT usually a cause of acute respiratory conditions?
A) Cigarette smoking
B) Bacterial infection
C) Viral infections
D) Air pollution
```
A) Cigarette smoking
62
```
Which state is dyspnea?
A) Shortness of breath
B) Bronchodilation
C) Rapid heart beat
D) Lung collapse
```
A) Shortness of breath
63
```
In general, which sign/symptom is NOT cardinal to respiratory disorders
A) Fibrosis
B) Wheezing
C) Coughing
D) Rales
```
A) Fibrosis
64
```
Which one of the following is an unlikely cause of pneumonia?
A) Fungi
B) Lung abscess
C) Viral infection
D) Bacterial infection
```
B) Lung Abscess
65
```
What is an acute pulmonary disorder?
A) Chronic bronchitis
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Emphysema
D) Pleuritis
```
D) Pleuritis
66
Which statement about asthma is true?
A) Wheezing is the result of increased respiratory effort
B) Between attacks persons suffer from chronic dyspnea
C) Asthma is generally a fatal condition
D) Responses to triggers always occur within 10 minutes of exposure?
A) Wheezing is the result of increased respiratory effort
67
Interstitial lung diseases are a group of disorders that manifest with which state?
A) Pulmonary edema and hyperventilation
B) Inflammation and fibrotic changes in lung tissue
C) Destruction of elastin and alveolar tissue spaces
D) Infection, abscesses and granuloma formation
B) Inflammation and fibrotic changes in lung tissue
68
```
Which one of the following is an early manifestation of chronic bronchitis
A) Pulomary hypertension
B) Peripheral edema
C) Productive cough
D) Cor Pulmonale
```
C) Productive cough
69
Which one of the following statements regarding cystic fibrosis is TRUE?
A) Signs and symptoms include thick sputum and foul smelling fatty stools
B) Patients are refereed to as ‘blue bloaters’
C) Patients are refereed to as ‘pink puffers’
D) Characterized by permanent dilation of the bronchi
A) Signs and symptoms include thick sputum and foul smelling fatty stools
70
```
Which one of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for pulmonary embolisms?
A) Spinal cord injury
B) Hip fracture
C) Venous stasis
D) Moderate drinking
```
D) Moderate drinking
71
Which one of the following statements regarding pleuritis, or pleural pain is TRUE?
A) Usually a manifestation of blood in the thoracic cavity
B) Often due to reduced secretion of pleural serous fluid
C) Described as a dull pain that is difficult to localize
D) Easy to differentiate from other causes of chest pain
B) Often due to reduced secretion go pleural serous fluid
72
```
What is the most common cause of lung cancer?
A) Cigarette smoking
B) Chronic bronchitis
C) Inhaled allergens other than smoke
D) Metastasis from other types of cancer
```
A) Cigarette smoking
73
```
Which one of the following is categorized as an infective pulmonary disease?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Silicosis
D) Embolisms
```
A) Tuberculosis
74
```
Which one of the following organ systems is responsible for removing carbon dioxide waste from the body?
A) Integumentary
B) Respiratory
C) Immune
D) Urinary
```
B) Respiratory
75
```
Which one of the following organs is NOT part of the urinary system
A) Liver
B) Kidney
C) Urethra
D) Bladder
```
A) Liver
76
```
Which one of the following structures does NOT enter or exit the kidney via the renal hilus
A) Lymph vessels
B) Blood vessels
C) Nerves
D) Urethra
```
D) Urethra
77
Which one of the following is NOT a function of the kidney
A) Maintaining the acid/base balance
B) Regulating systemic blood pressure
C) Stimulating white blood cell production
D) Clearing blood plasma of metabolic wastes
C) Stimulating white blood cell production
78
Which one of the following statements regarding blood supply to the kidney is TRUE?
A) The renal veins carry deoxygenated, waste-laden blood from the kidneys
B) The peritubular capillaries are the major site of filtration
C) The afferent and efferent arterioles carry oxygenated blood
D) Gas exchange occurs the glomeruler membrane
C) The afferent and efferent arterioles carry oxygenated blood
79
Which one of the following statements regarding the glomeruler membrane is FALSE?
A) A complex structure facilitating the removal of waste from systemic blood
B) Changes in the structure of the membrane can lead to life threatening illness
C) A highly porous and fenestrated membrane permeable to red blood cells
D) A thin membrane very permeable to water and solutes carried in the blood
C) A highly porous and fenestrated membrane permeable to red blood cells
80
```
Where does the filtration of blood in the nephron occur?
A) Bowman’s capsule
B) The glomerulerus
C) Proximal convoluted tubules
D) The loop of Henle
```
B) The glomerulerus
81
Which one of the following statements about the net filtration pressure (NFP) is true?
A) Represents the blood pressure in the glomerulerus
B) The sum of capillary and interstitial osmotic pressure of the filtrate
C) The difference between the glomeruler and capsular hydrostatic pressures
D) Differences between forces pushing fluid out of and drawing it into the glomerulus
D) Differences between forces pushing fluid out of and drawing it into the glomerulus
82
```
Which one of the following substances found in the glomeruler filtrate is NOT actively reabsorbed from the renal tubules?
A) Ions
B) Urea
C) Glucose
D) Vitamins
```
B) Urea
83
```
Which substance is usually found in the urine?
A) Glucose
B) Proteins
C) Nutrients
D) Electrolytes
```
D) Electrolytes
84
Which mechanism does NOT have a role in regulating renal blood flow?
A) Intrinsic renal autoregulation
B) Renin-angiotensin mechanism
C) Sympathetic nervous system controls
D) Parasympathetic nervous system controls
D) Parasympathetic nervous system controls
85
```
What is the major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure
A) Sodium ion concentrations
B) Plasma protein levels
C) white blood cells
D) Red blood cells
```
B) Plasma protein levels
86
```
Which one of the following states is a likely consequences of severe dehydration
A) Increased blood pressure
B) Decreased blood pressure
C) Increased systemic edema
D) Increased urine output
```
B) Decreased blood pressure
87
Which one of the following statements describes uremia
A) State due to abnormal nitrogenous waste in the blood
B) A biochemical abnormality reflecting acid/base and water imbalances
C) A condition in which white and red blood cells appear in the urine
D) Elevated blood sodium and potassium concentrations
A) State due to abnormal nitrogenous waste in the blood
88
Which one of the following statements regarding urinary tract infections (UTI) is TRUE?
A) Overall males are more likely to contract UTIs
B) Women with diabetes are less likely than women without diabetes to have UTIs
C) Young men are more likely than elderly men to contract a UTI
D) A short urethra in females makes them more susceptible to UTIs
D) A short urethra in females makes them more susceptible to UTIs
89
```
What is a common manifestation of renal calculi
A) Proteinuria
B) Renal colic
C) Polyuria
D) Uremia
```
B) Renal Colic
90
```
Renal failure is least likely to affect which one of the following homeostatic functions
A) Maintenance of plasma volume
B) Plasma electrolyte concentrations
C) Control of systemic blood pressure
D) Excretion of carbon dioxide
```
D) Excretion of carbon dioxide
91
Which statement about glomerulonephritis is FALSE?
A) Metabolic dysfunction is an uncommon complication of glomerulonephritis
B) Damage to glomeruler membranes results in decreased or increased permeability
C) Glomerulonephritis is a major cause of chronic renal failure
D) Glomerulonephritis can cause water or electrolyte imbalances
A) Metabolic dysfunction is an uncommon complication of glomerulonephritis
92
```
Which one of the following is NOT a systemic manifestation of uremia
A) Weakness
B) Fatigue
C) Anemia
D) Oliguria
```
D) Oliguria
93
Which set of clinical manifestations characterizes the nephritic syndrome
A) Azotemia, Oliguria, Hypertension
B) Hematuria, Hypertension, Proteinuria
C) Hyperlipidemia, Hypoalbuminemia, Edema
D) Proteinuria, Oliguria, Generalized Edema
A) Azotemia, Oliguria, Hypertension
94
Under which one of the following conditions does blood pressure increase
A) Vascular smooth tone decreases
B) Blood plasma volume decreases
C) Peripheral vascular resistance increases
D) Glomeruler filtration rate increases
C) Peripheral vascular resistance increases
95
```
What is a neoplasm affecting the kidney
A) Adenocarcinoma
B) Nephroblastoma
C) Small cell carcinoma
D) Malignant melanoma
```
B) Nephroblastoma
