things definitely on the final

Question 1

List Pre-Renal Disorders (11)

Answer 1

1) Hypotension​
2) Shock​
3) Diarrhea (severe)​
4) Vomiting (severe)​
5) Bleeding/hemorrhage​
6) Diuretics​
7) Diabetes Insipidisis​
8) Burns​
9) Heart Failure/MI​
10) Cirrhosis​
11) Sepsis​

Question 2

List Intra-Renal Disorders (11)

Answer 2

1) Vasculitis​
2) Venous Occlusion​
3) Pre-eclampsia​
4) Acute Tubular Necrosis​
5) Multiple Myeloma​
6) Hypercalcemia​
7) IV contract dyes​
8) Pyelonephritis​
9) Certain meds: NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, heavy metals​
10) Transfusion Reaction​
11) Rhabdomyolysis​

Question 3

List Post-Renal Disorders (7)

Answer 3

1) Renal calculi
2) Enlarged prostate
3) Cancer
4) Diabetes
5) Functional obstruction due to drugs
6) Blood clots
7) Trauma

Question 4

What disorders does H. Pylori cause? (3)

Answer 4

1) peptic ulcer disease
2) gastritis
3) gastric (stomach) cancer

Question 5

what is psyllium (metamucil)?

Answer 5

bulk stimulant laxative

Question 6

what is Polyethylene glycol (miralax) ?

Answer 6

osmotic stimulant laxative

Question 7

how does magnesium play a role in osmotic stimulants?

Answer 7

It is a solutesthat increases osmotic “pull of fluid” into the GI tract. ​

Will increase the pressure in the GI tract and stimulate more intestinal motility. ​

Question 8

Types of Inflammation:
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 8

Types of Inflammation:
Crohns → granulomatous
Ulcerative Colitis → ulcerative & exudative

Question 9

Level of Involvement
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 9

Level of Involvement
Crohns → primarily sub-mucosal
Ulcerative Colitis → primarily mucosal

Question 10

Extent of Involvement:
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 10

Extent of Involvement:
Crohns → skip lesions
Ulcerative Colitis → continuous

Question 11

Areas of Involvement
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 11

Areas of Involvement
Crohns → primarily ileum, secondarily colon
Ulcerative Colitis → primarily rectum & left colon

Question 12

Diarrhea:
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 12

Diarrhea:
Crohns → common
Ulcerative Colitis → common

Question 13

Rectal Bleeding:
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 13

Rectal Bleeding:
Crohns → RARE
Ulcerative Colitis → COMMON

Question 14

Fistulas:
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 14

Fistulas:
Crohns → COMMON
Ulcerative Colitis → RARE

Question 15

Strictures:
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 15

Strictures:
Crohns → COMMON
Ulcerative Colitis → RARE

Question 16

Perianal Abscesses:
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 16

Perianal Abscesses:
Crohns → COMMON
Ulcerative Colitis → RARE

Question 17

Development of Cancer:
Crohns →
Ulcerative Colitis →

Answer 17

Development of Cancer:
Crohns → UNCOMMON
Ulcerative Colitis → RELATIVELY COMMON

Question 18

Most common sites of Crohn’s ?

Answer 18

terminal ileum or cecum

Question 19

appearance of Crohn’s ?

Answer 19

cobblestone

Question 20

Sx Crohn’s (6)

Answer 20

diarrhea
abdominal pain
weight loss
fluid and electrolyte imbalances
malaise
low-grade fever​

Question 21

Complications Crohn’s (3)

Answer 21

fistuala formation
abdominal abscess
intestinal obstruction

Question 22

when/how does ulcerative colitis commonly occur? (4)

Answer 22

Between the ages of 15 and 30​
Older than 60​
Have a family member with IBD​
Is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent​

Question 23

Sx Ulcerative Colitis (10)

Answer 23

diarrhea with blood or pus
abdominal discomfort
urgent need to have a bowel movement
fatigue
nausea
loss of appetite
weight loss
fever
anemia​

Question 24

what cancer are people w ulcerative colitis at increased risk for?

Answer 24

colon

Question 25

leading cause of RV failure?

Answer 25

COPD

Question 26

what is left sided HF?

Answer 26

Left ventricle unable to pump re-oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart’s left atrium​ - Ventricles too stiff​ - Not contracting properly​ ​ Leads to:​ - Decreased cardiac output​ - Pulmonary congestion​ ​ Common cause of right sided heart failure ​

Question 27

Systolic HF

Answer 27

LV cannot contract forcefully enough to keep blood circulating normally throughout the body​ **issue w contraction**

Question 28

Diastolic HF

Answer 28

LV has grown stiff or thick and is unable to fill the heart properly, which reduces the amount of blood pumped out to the body. ​ **Issue with ventricle being too stiff** to properly fill heart; able to contract (ventricular hypertrophy)

Question 29

ejection fraction for systolic HF?

Answer 29

<40%

Question 30

Sx Systolic HF (9)

Answer 30

Tiredness/fatigue: lack of O2​ Decreased urine production: fluid backing up not being filtered by kidneys ​ Increased heart rate; may be irregular Elevated blood pressure​ Enlarged heart​ Pulmonary “congestion” - SOB​ Coughing (often worse at night; when lying flat) ​ Weight gain​ Decreased blood flow to extremities​

Question 31

ejection fraction diastolic HF?

Answer 31

typically normal (EF > 50%)

Question 32

more people have diastolic HF due to what?

Answer 32

HTN

Question 33

meds to fix diastolic HF?

Answer 33

no meds available to fix diastolic dysfunction

Question 34

Right sided HF

Answer 34

Not as common of left-sided HF​ ​ Have deoxygenated blood coming from the body, but right side of heart not pumping as well as it should​ ​ Leads to a “back-up” of blood in body **peripheral swelling**

Question 35

Right sided HF Sx (7)

Answer 35

Weakness/fatigue​ Leg/feet edema​ Vein distension (JVD) Weight gain​ Increased urination​ Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)​ Increased abdominal girth​ (ascites)

Question 36

3 main med classes for HF?

Answer 36

vasodilators loop diuretics beta adrenergic antagonists

Question 37

types of vasodilators

Answer 37

ACE inhib Nitrates Hydralazine

Question 38

what do vasodilators do

Answer 38

Decrease the workload of overworked cardiac muscle

Question 39

what do loop diuretics do

Answer 39

Decrease blood volume, which decreases venous return and blood pressure ​

Question 40

what do beta adrenergic antagonists do

Answer 40

Block the beta-receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, decreasing calcium flow into the myocardial cells, and causing decreased contraction and workload​

Question 41

all pts w systolic HF should be on what?

Answer 41

ACE inhibs if they can tolerate

Question 42

ACE inhibs impact on preload & afterload?

Answer 42

decreases both