Thoracic Spine & Breathing Mechanics

Question 1

Name the three bones which contribute towards the formation of the sternum.

Answer 1

Manubrium, sternum, xiphoid

Question 2

Which two structures are located posterior to the manubrium?

Answer 2

Aortic Arch, thymus

Question 3

Dorsal scapular nerve supplies

Answer 3

Levator scapulae & Rhomboids Major/Minor

Question 4

What type of bone is the sternum?

Answer 4

Flat bone

Question 5

The superior aspect of the manubrium is concave, producing a depression known as?

Answer 5

Sternal notch

Question 6

The manubrium and sternum articulate to form what type of joint?

Answer 6

Manubriosternal joint

Cartilagninous joint

Question 7

What is an alternative name for the sternum?

Answer 7

Gladiolus

Question 8

The gladiolus articulates with the xiphoid process to form which joint?

Answer 8

Xiphisternal joint

Cartilagnious joint

Question 9

Which ribs articulate with the manubrium?

Answer 9

1st & 2nd

Question 10

Which ribs articulate with the gladiolus?

Answer 10

Ribs 2 to 6

Question 11

Which rib articulates with the xiphoid process

Answer 11

Rib 7

Question 12

Which condition is associated with inflammation of costo cartilage of the ribs?

Answer 12

costochondritis

tietze’s

Question 13

Which ribs are atypical?

Answer 13

Rib 1,2,10,11,12

Question 14

Why is the 1st rib is considered to be atypical?

Answer 14

It is shorter and wider than the other ribs
It only articulates with the T1 (the corresponding vertebrae)
The superior surface is marked with two grooves, which make way for the sub-clavian artery and vein.
Scalene tubercle seperates the two grooves.

Question 15

Why is the 2nd rib is considered to be atypical?

Answer 15

It contains a roughened area on its upper surface which acts as an attachment site for the serratus anterior.

Question 16

Why is the 10th rib is considered to be atypical?

Answer 16

The rib head only contains one facet for articulating with T10.

Question 17

Why is the 11/12th rib is considered to be atypical?

Answer 17

They have no neck, therefore do not articulate with the TP.

The rib head contains only one facet for articulation with the corresponding vertebrae.

Question 18

Which ribs are typical?

Answer 18

Ribs 3 to 9

Question 19

Describe the posterior articulation of the ribs

Answer 19

Costotransverse junction
Articulation between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse costal facet
Costovertebral junction
Articulation between the head of the rib and the corresponding vertebrae and the body of the vertebrae superiorly

Question 20

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm

Answer 20

Phrenic, C3,4,5

Question 21

The diaphragm is in line with which thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 21

T10

Question 22

What is the origin of the diaphrgam?

Answer 22

Internal surface of the xiphoid process (Sternal)
Internal surface of the lower six ribs (Costal)
L1 to L3

Question 23

Which is the right dome of the diaphragm higher in comparison to the left?

Answer 23

Due to the presence of the liver.

Question 24

Name the three apertures of the diaphragm and the level that they pierce the diaphragm.

Answer 24

Vena cava (T8)
Oesophagus (T10)
Aortic Hiatus (T12)

Question 25

Which nerve innervates the abdominal organs?

Answer 25

Cranial nerve 10 | Veguus nerve

Question 26

The muscle fibres of the diaphragm combine to form a central tendon. This tendon ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous?

Answer 26

Pericardium

Question 27

Which artery supplies the diaphragm?

Answer 27

inferior phrenic arteries

Question 28

The inferior phrenic arteries is a branch of?

Answer 28

The abdominal aorta

Question 29

The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the manbrium to form which joint?

Answer 29

Sternoclavicular joint | Synovial saddle joint

Question 30

Which facet articulates with the coresponding vertebrae? Superior or inferior?

Answer 30

Inferior

Question 31

Which facet is larger the inferior or superior?

Answer 31

Inferior

Question 32

What type of bones are the ribs?

Answer 32

Flat

Question 33

What is the facet orientation of the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 33

60 Degrees coronal

Question 34

Which ribs adhere to Pump handle motion Bucket handle motion Caliper

Answer 34

Pump T1 to T6 Bucket T7 to T10 Caliper T11/12

Question 35

``` What type of joints are the following? Intervertebral joints Apophyseal joint Rib Facet Sternoclavicular joint Costochondral joint Sternocostal joint 1st sternocostal Menubrailsternal joint Xiphisternal joint Scapulothoracic joint ```

Answer 35

``` Cartilagneous synovial plane synovial plane synovial plane Cartilagneous synovial plane Sytnchondrosis Symphysis Symphysis False ```

Question 36

How many intercostal spaces do we have ?

Answer 36

11

Question 37

Name the three layers to the intercostals

Answer 37

External, Internal, innermost

Question 38

Which disc is situated between the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 38

Fibrocartilaginous disc

Question 39

Which 4 ligaments stabilize the s/c joint?

Answer 39

Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament

Question 40

Which ligament binds the head of the rib to the body of the vertebrae?

Answer 40

The radiate ligament

Question 41

Which ligament stabilizes the costotransverse junction?

Answer 41

Costotransverse ligament

Question 42

Which ligament stabilizes the articulation between the costal cartilage of the ribs and the sternum?

Answer 42

Radiate sternochondral ligament

Question 43

How many cranial nerves do we have? | Which cranial nerves arise from the cerebrum?

Answer 43

12, | Olfactory and optic

Question 44

Which cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?

Answer 44

Cranial nerves 3 to 12

Question 45

What is a spinal nerve?

Answer 45

A nerve which exits the spinal cord but it has not yet contributed towards the formation of a plexus?

Question 46

Where will you find Sibson’s Fascia?

Answer 46

Within the clavicle, first ribs, Sp’s ofC6,7

Question 47

Where do the Sympathetic Chain Ganglia sit?

Answer 47

Anterior to the vertebral bodies

Question 48

What is the name of the venous drainage system of the thoracic cage?

Answer 48

Azygos system

Question 49

What spinal level do the sympathetic nerves arise from?

Answer 49

Thoracolumber outflow T1 to L2 Sympathetic chain ganglia (Anterior to vertebral bodies)

Question 50

What spinal level do the parasympathetic nerves arise from?

Answer 50

Cranialsacral outflow | Located within the spinal cord and brain

Question 51

What is the function of baroreceptors? | Where are they found?

Answer 51

Monitor blood pressure changes Carotid sinus Aortic Arch

Question 52

What is the function of chemorecptors?

Answer 52

Respond to chemical changes such as low levels of CO2 (hypoxia)

Question 53

What type of receptors are baroreceptors?

Answer 53

Mechanoreceptors

Question 54

What are mechanoreceptors excited by?

Answer 54

Excited b the stretch of blood vessels

Question 55

What is an alternative name for sibsons facia?

Answer 55

Suprapleural membrane

Question 56

Which ligament binds the tubercle of the rib to the transverse process?

Answer 56

The costotransverse ligament?

Question 57

Which ligament binds the head of the rib with the body of the vertebrae?

Answer 57

Radiate Ligament

Question 58

Which ligament binds the head of the rib with the body of the vertebrae? Tip..In-between articulations

Answer 58

intra-articular ligament

Question 59

Which ligament binds the costal cartilage of the rib to the sternum?

Answer 59

Radiate sternocondral/costal ligament.

Question 60

The articulate between the costal cartilage of the ribs and the sternum is known as? What type of joint does it form?

Answer 60

Sternocostal/Condral joint | Synovial plane joint

Question 61

Which ligaments binds the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 61

Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments | Interclavicular ligaments