Thorax

Question 1

In what direction do the external intercostal muscles run?

Answer 1

caudoventrad

Question 2

What nerve(s) innervates the external intercostal muscles?

Answer 2

intercostal nn.

Question 3

What muscle is deep to the external intercostal mm.?

Answer 3

Internal intercostal mm

Question 4

In what direction do the internal costal muscles run?

Answer 4

Incline Caudodorsad

Question 5

What two veins join forming the cranial vena cava?

Answer 5

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

Question 6

Where does the vena cava drain into?

Answer 6

Right Atrium

Question 7

Where does the caudal vena cava emerge?

Answer 7

around lumbar vertebra 6 where two common iliac veins merge.

Question 8

When the caudal vena cava passes dorsal to the liver it

Answer 8

receives hepatic venous blood before going through caval foramen of diraphragm

Question 9

Where can ansa sublcavia be found?

Answer 9

circling the subclavian artery

Question 10

What ganglion do the fibers in ansa subclavia pass through first?

Answer 10

cervicothoracic ganglion

Question 11

Where can ansa subclavia synapse onto?

Answer 11

the middle cervical ganglion or follow sympathetic trunk to head.

Question 12

What structure does the vagus nerve run with, in what direction?

Answer 12

The esophagus toward diaphragm.

Question 13

When does vagus nerve trunk?

Answer 13

At esophageal hiatus

Question 14

Where can papillary muscles be found?

Answer 14

in the walls of the ventricles

Question 15

what is the structure that connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta as a fetus?

Answer 15

Ductus arteriosis

Question 16

The ligamentum arteriosum connects what structures?

Answer 16

The pulmonary trunk and aorta

Question 17

What is the first branch of the aortic arch?

Answer 17

brachiocephalic trunk

Question 18

what arteries does the brachiocephalic trunk give rise to?

Answer 18

two common carotid arteries
right subclavian artery

Question 19

Where does the azygous vein empty?

Answer 19

cranial vena cava

Question 20

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 20

Phrenic nn.

Question 20

What are the points of attachment of the diaphragm?

Answer 20

lumbar vertebrae
costal arches
sternum

Question 20

What pleura surrounds the diaphragm?

Answer 20

diaphragmatic pleura (parietal)

Question 21

What vein does the phrenic nerve run with?

Answer 21

external jugular vein

Question 22

How many lobes does the left lung of a dog have?

Answer 22

two;
cranial
caudal

Question 23

How many lobes does the right lung of a dog have?

Answer 23

four; cranial middle caudal accessory (dorsal)

Question 24

What is the thymus?

Answer 24

lymphoid organ in cranial mediastinum, large in puppies, replaced by fatty tissue at sexual maturity.

Question 25

what is the thorax?

Answer 25

cavity within thoracic wall

Question 26

what are the three openings of the diaphragm?

Answer 26

Esophageal hiatus aortic hiatus caval foramen

Question 27

What nerves innervate the internal and external intercostal muscles?

Answer 27

intercostal nerves

Question 28

What accompanies the intercostal nerves?

Answer 28

intercostal arteries and veins

Question 29

what veins drain into the azygous vein?

Answer 29

internal intercostal veins.

Question 30

What is the closest pleura to the lungs?

Answer 30

visceral pleura (pulmonary pleura)

Question 31

What are pleura?

Answer 31

serous membranes that line interior of thoracic cavity, mediastinum, amd envelope the lungs.

Question 32

What pleura 'attaches' the outside of the lungs to other organs

Answer 32

parietal pleura

Question 33

what are the divisions of parietal pleura?

Answer 33

mediastinal diaphragmatic, costal parietal pleura

Question 34

The mediastinum is what type of space?

Answer 34

potential space

Question 35

What part of the heart is not included in the mediastinum?

Answer 35

The caudal vena cava

Question 36

What is the only pleura that surrounds the caudal vena cava?

Answer 36

plica vena cava

Question 37

What are the muscles that wrap around the central tendon of the diaphragm?

Answer 37

the crura

Question 38

what foramen runs through the central tendon?

Answer 38

caval foramen

Question 39

what passes through the aortic hiatus?

Answer 39

azygous vein descending aorta thoracic duct

Question 40

What passes through the esophageal hiatus?

Answer 40

branches of the vagus nerve Esophagus

Question 41

What nervous system is the phrenic nerve apart of?

Answer 41

somatic nervous system

Question 42

What nervous system is the vagus nerve part of?

Answer 42

parasympathetic

Question 43

What nervous system branches off the lateral horns of grey mater?

Answer 43

autonomic nervous system

Question 44

Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise?

Answer 44

thoracolumbar region

Question 45

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system arise?

Answer 45

craniosacral

Question 46

Where do sympathetic postganglionic nerves run?

Answer 46

With intercostal nn.

Question 47

What are the ganglia along the vertebra?

Answer 47

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 48

What is the cranial nerve associated with the vagus nerve?

Answer 48

X

Question 49

Which nervous system has long preganglionic nerve fibers?

Answer 49

parasympathetic

Question 50

Where are the pectinate muscles found?

Answer 50

Between auricles and atria of the heart.

Question 51

What is the purpose of the coronary sinus?

Answer 51

returns deoxygenated blood from the heart

Question 52

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

Answer 52

in the right atrium

Question 53

Where is the moderator band found?

Answer 53

in the right ventricle to the interventricular septum

Question 54

What gives rise to the left and right coronary arteries?

Answer 54

aortic sinus

Question 55

What is the main separation of the bronchus called

Answer 55

the carina

Question 56

What is the tracheal bronchus?

Answer 56

A cow specific bronchus that goes into right cranial lobe

Question 57

What lobes are in the left cow lung?

Answer 57

Cranial cranial lobe cranial caudal lobe caudal lobe

Question 58

What lobes are in the right cow lung?

Answer 58

cranial cranial lobe cranial caudal lobe middle lobe accessory lobe caudal lobe

Question 59

What lobes are in the left lung of the horse?

Answer 59

cranial lobe caudal lobe

Question 60

what lobes are in the right lung of the horse?

Answer 60

cranial lobe caudal lobe accessory lobe

Question 61

What lymph nodes surround the lungs?

Answer 61

hilar lymph nodes

Question 62

Where do preganglionic nerves always exit from?

Answer 62

The central nervous system

Question 63

Which NS ganglia are grossly identifiable?

Answer 63

Sympathetic peripheral ganglia

Question 64

Where do sympathetic nerve fibers leave from?

Answer 64

Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves and assemble onto the sympathetic trunk/chain.

Question 65

What is the caudal continuation of the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 65

Splanchnic nerves.

Question 66

when sympathetic nerve fibers synapse at the cervicothoracic ganglion, where will the postganglionic innervate?

Answer 66

structures in cervical region via vertebral nerve.

Question 67

What ganglia comes before and after the ansa subclavia?

Answer 67

Before: Cervicothoracic ganglion After: Middle cervical ganglion After After: thru vagosympathetic trunk to cranial cervical ganglion.

Question 68

What innervation does postganglionic middle cervical ganglia have?

Answer 68

Innervation of the thoracic viscera.

Question 69

What are the fasicles of the vagosympathetic trunk?

Answer 69

preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers vagal efferent and afferent nerve fibers

Question 70

What is the vagosympathetic trunk bundled with in the carotid sheath?

Answer 70

Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein

Question 71

Where can parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nerve fibers arrive from?

Answer 71

Brainstem Sacral Spinal cord