Thorax

Question 1

Anterior median (midsternal) line

Answer 1

vertical line through sternum in mid-saggital plane

Question 2

Midclavicular Lines (MCLs)

Answer 2

vertical through mid points of the clavicles, parallel to median line

Question 3

Anterior Axillary line

Answer 3

vertical line along anterior axillary fold (pec major)

Question 4

Mid Axillary line

Answer 4

vertical line through apex of axilla

Question 5

Posterior axillary line

Answer 5

vertical line through posterior fold (formed by latissimus dorsi and teres major)

Question 6

Posterior median (mid spinal or midvertebral) line

Answer 6

vertical line through spinous processes of vertebrae in mid-saggital plane

Question 7

Scapular Lines

Answer 7

vertical lines that pass through inferior angles of scapula, line is parallel to posterior median line

Question 8

Thoracic Wall

Answer 8

Bones: ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum

Function: protect thorax (heart, lungs, blood vessels, esophagus)

Question 9

True Ribs

Answer 9

1-7

attach directly to sternum`

Question 10

False Ribs

Answer 10

8-10

attach indirectly to sternum

Question 11

Floating Ribs

Answer 11

11-12

do not attach to sternum

Question 12

Typical & Atypical

Answer 12

Typical- 3-9 have 2 facets

atypical-1,2 10-12 (1-2 have areas for scalenes to attach, have 2 facets and articulate with 2 vertebral bodies)

Question 13

Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 13

costal facets on vertebral body and transverse process, ribs articulate with them

Question 14

Sternum

Answer 14

made up of manubrium, body and xyphoid process

Question 15

Manubrium

Answer 15

jugular notch

articulates with clavicle & 1st rib

Question 16

Body of sternum

Answer 16

forms sternal angle w/manubrium

is where trachea bifurcates (carnia), beginning & end of aortic arch, palpation of sternal angle is location of 2nd rib

Question 17

Xiphoid Process

Answer 17

site of subcostal angle

Question 18

Joints of the Thorax

Answer 18

costovertebral joint
costochondrial joint
sternocostal
sternoclavicular joint
manubriosternal joint
xiphosternal

Question 19

Male Breast

Answer 19

nipple lies at approx. 4th intercostal (between ribs 4 and 5)

Question 20

Female Breast

Answer 20

ribs 2-6
glandular, approx 15-20 lobes drain into ducts
approx 75% of breast drains lateral into axillary lymph nodes

Question 21

Superior Aperture

Answer 21

CONTAINS:
esophagus
trachea
nerves & blood vessels that supply head, neck & ue

Question 22

Inferior Aperture

Answer 22

Allows, IVC, and aorta to pass inferiorly

Question 23

Transversus Thoracis

Answer 23

expiration, located along internal ribs, located on internal anterior thoracic cage

O-Posterior surface of lower sternum
I-internal surface of costal cartilage 2-6
N-Intercostal nerve
A-expiration

Question 24

Subcostal Muscles

Answer 24

inspiration, located on internal portion of ribs
located in interior posterior thoracic cage

O-internal surface of lower ribs near angles
I- superior boarders of 2nd or 3rd ribs
N- intercostal nerve
A-Inspiration

Question 25

Diaphragum

Answer 25

innervated by phrenic nerve major muscle for inspiration contraction flattens diaphragum, increases thoracic volume, change in pressure causes increase of air into the lungs

Question 26

Intercostal Space

Answer 26

3 layers- external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle contains intercostal vein, artery and nerve

Question 27

Descending Aorta

Answer 27

provides blood to segmental branches known as posterior intercostals arteries

Question 28

Posterior Intercostals Arteries

Answer 28

come off descending aorta travel anteriorly between ribs (along intercostal vein and intercostal nerves)

Question 29

Subclavian Arteries

Answer 29

provide blood to R/L internal thoracic arteries internal thoracic artery anterior intercostals arteries

Question 30

Internal Thoracic Artery

Answer 30

descends along anterior wall of internal rib cage

Question 31

Anterior Intercostals Arteries

Answer 31

originates from descending internal thoracic artery | travels between ribs and anastomose with posterior intercostals arteries

Question 32

Azygos Vein

Answer 32

right posterior internal rib cage, drains into SVC | drains throax

Question 33

Hemiazygos & Accessory Hemiazygos Vein

Answer 33

left posterior internal rib cage | hemiazygos drains segmental portions of thorax

Question 34

Visceral Pleura

Answer 34

lines the lungs themselves

Question 35

Parietal Pleura

Answer 35

lines thoracic cavity wall and diaphragm

Question 36

Costodiaphragmatic Recesses

Answer 36

pleural recess that can accumulate fluid with various conditions, lateral and posterior

Question 37

Levator Costarum

Answer 37

``` Posterior, external thoracic rib cage O- Transverse process of T7-T11 I- Subjacent ribs between tubericle & angle N- posterior primary rami A- Elevates ribs, inspiration ```

Question 38

Costomediastinal Recesses

Answer 38

small, pleural recess located posterior to sternum | where pneumothroax, pleural effusion, hemothroax and pleuritis would occur