Thorax 2(Heart)

Question 1

How many zones is the mediastinum divided into?

Answer 1

Mediastinum is divided into 4 zones

Question 2

What is the inferior and superior zone of the mediastinum separated by?

Answer 2

Inferior and superior zone separated by transthoracic plane

Question 3

What proportion does the heart occupy of the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 3

Heart occupies 2/3 of the inferior mediastinum

Question 4

What does the arch of the aorta rise above in the superior mediastinum?

Answer 4

Arch of the aorta rises above the sternam angle in the superior mediastinum

Question 5

What does the base of the heart lay on?

Answer 5

Base of heart lays on diaphragm

Question 6

What is the pericardium?

Answer 6

Thin fibro-serous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels

Question 7

What are the 2 different components of the pericardium?

Answer 7

• Fibrous pericardium

- Serous pericardium

Question 8

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 8

Thick connective tissue that surrounds the heart and roots of great vessels

Question 9

What layers make up the serous pericardium?

Answer 9

• Parietal layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
• Visceral layer that adheres to the heart and constitutes the outer covering

Question 10

What is present between the fibrous and serous pericardium?

Answer 10

Between these components, there is fluid to allow frictionless beating movement

Question 11

What is pericarditis?

Answer 11

-Inflammation of the pericardium due to viral/bacterial infection, systemic illness and post myocardial infarction

Question 12

What is pericardial effusion?

Answer 12

-Accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac resulting in cardiac tamponade(Compression of the heart)

Question 13

What is constrictive pericarditis

Answer 13

Thickening of the pericardial sac that implies compression of the heart and subsequent heart failure.

Question 14

What intercostal space is the apex of the heart present in?

Answer 14

Apex is in the 5th intercostal space

Question 15

What does auricle mean?

Answer 15

Little ear

Question 16

What is the coronary sinus?

Answer 16

Coronary sinus is a collection. of veins to allow blood to enter right atrium

Question 17

What are fossa ovalis?

When do they close?

Answer 17

Remnant of embryo to allow maternal foetal blood passage. Closes as an adult

Question 18

What are crista terminalis?

Answer 18

Connection between opening orifice of inferior vena cava valve and superior vena cava valve

Question 19

Where is the opening of the coronary sinus found?

Answer 19

Opening of coronary sinus found on posterior wall of right atrium

Question 20

What do chordae tendineae attach to and what does this allow the formation of?

Answer 20

Chordae tendineae attach to the cusps of the tricuspid valve and papillary muscle
-This allows the formation of a network of trabeculae carneae

Question 21

What is the septomarginal area important for?

Answer 21

Septomarginal area important for conduction

Question 22

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 22

Ligamentum arteriosum is an embryological remnant and holds the aorta and pulmonary artery close to each other

Question 23

What do valves of the heart allow?

Answer 23

Valves of the heart allow blood to run in only one direction

Question 24

How many valves are there in the heart and what are they?

Answer 24

4 valves in the heart

• 2 atrioventricular(Mitral and bicuspid)
• 2 arterial valves(Pulmonary and aortic

Question 25

What do the atrioventricular valves gurantee?

Answer 25

2 atrioventricular valves guarantee that the blood do not return from the ventricles to the atria

Question 26

What do the arterial valves avoid?

Answer 26

2 arterial valves avoid reflux of blood from the two arteries that leave the heart

Question 27

What are the most common problems associated with valves?

Answer 27

1. Insufficiency | 2. Stenosis

Question 28

What is insufficiency in regards to valves?

Answer 28

poor functioning of the valves

Question 29

What is stenosis in regards to valves?

Answer 29

Narrowing of the orifice due to inability of the valve to fully open

Question 30

What are murmurs?

Answer 30

Murmurs are unusual sounds heard between heartbeats

Question 31

What is the main vessel leaving the heart?

Answer 31

Main vessel leaving the heart is ascending aorta; it branches(apart from the coronary arteries) supply the rest of the body

Question 32

What do the right and left brachiocephalic veins form?

Answer 32

-Right and left brachiocephalic veins form the superior vena cava that flows into the heart from above

Question 33

Where does the inferior vena cava flow in for the heart from and what is its major tributaries?

Answer 33

The inferior vena cava flows into the heart from below and its major tributaries air from the lower limbs and posterior abdominal structures

Question 34

What is the sinoatrial node(SAN) an instigator of?

Answer 34

-Sino-atrial node(SAN) is the instigator of contraction of both right and left atrium

Question 35

What is the atrioventricular node(AVN)?

Answer 35

-Atrio-ventricular node(AVN) is essentially a jump allowing conduction from atria to ventricles

Question 36

What does electrical conduction pass down in the heart to the apex and what does it allow?

Answer 36

Electrical conduction passes down purkinje fibres allowing ventricles to contract

Question 37

What does the autonomic nervous system(ANS) control and what is it increased and inhibited by?

Answer 37

The autonomic nervous system controls the rate of contraction and speed of conductivity - Increases by the sympathetic part of the ANS - Inhibited by the parasympathetic part of the ANS

Question 38

What is an example of a parasympathetic nerve?

Answer 38

Vagus nerve

Question 39

What does the right vagus nerve pass down and how does it supply vocal chords?

Answer 39

Right vagus nerve passes down and when it reaches the right subclavian artery, it branches and loops around posteriorly to help supply vocal chords(Recurrent laryngeal nerve)

Question 40

Where does the left vagus loop and what does it branch to give?

Answer 40

Left vagus nerve loops underneath the arch of aorta | -Gives branches of to help supply vagal cardiac branch

Question 41

What does the deep cardiac plexus supply?

Answer 41

Deep cardiac plexus supplies over the carina(Bifurcation of the trachea)

Question 42

What nerve carries heart pain?

Answer 42

Sympathetic nerves carry pain | -Heart attacks cause crushing chest pain

Question 43

What zone does the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 43

Right coronary artery supplies posterior zone

Question 44

What zone does the left coronary artery supply?

Answer 44

Left coronary artery supplies anterior zone

Question 45

What do coronary sulcus seperate?

Answer 45

Coronary sulcus separates atria from ventricles

Question 46

What do the anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus separate?

Answer 46

The posterior and anterior interventricular sulcus separates the two ventricles.

Question 47

What is blood drained by from heart muscle?

Answer 47

Blood is drained from the heart muscle by the great, middle and small cardiac veins

Question 48

What do the great, middle and small cardiac veins contribute to and what does it do?

Answer 48

These vessels contribute to the coronary sinus, that in turn, empties in to the right atrium