Thorax and lungs

Question 1

Movement of air back and forth from the alveoli to the outside
environment.
o Gas exchange across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary membranes.
o Circulatory system transport of oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, the
peripheral tissues?

Answer 1

RESPIRATION

Question 2

Chest or thorax, a cage of bone, cartilage, and muscle?

Answer 2

Sternum
o Manubrium
o Xiphoid process
o Twelve pairs of ribs connected to the thoracic vertebrae and to the
sternum by the costal cartilages

Question 3

Primary muscles of respiration
?

Answer 3

Diaphragm

Question 4

Increase the anteroposterior chest diameter during inspiration
?

Answer 4

External Intercostal muscle

Question 5

Increase the anteroposterior chest diameter during inspiration?

Answer 5

External Intercostal muscle

Question 6

The diaphragm is the principle muscle of respiration
o However, the scalene & intercostal muscles assist the
diaphragm…their contraction creates a taller & wider thorax. o The lung exhales passively due to relaxation of the diaphragm & intrinsic
elastic recoil?

Answer 6

MUSCLE OF RESPIRATION

Question 7

the diaphragm descends and accessory muscles swing ribs
up & out to increase CHEST VOLUME?

Answer 7

INSPIRATION

Question 8

as the lung was expanding, its elastic tissue was stretched. When the diaphragm relaxes, the lung tissue recoils, and the alveoli
collapse some which raises the airway pressure above atmospheric, so air
flows out of the lung?

Answer 8

EXPIRATION

Question 9

Primary muscles of respiration: Decrease the transverse chest diameter during expiration?

Answer 9

INTERIOR INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE

Question 10

Primary muscles of respiration: Brought into play when there are pulmonary problems and
compromise?

Answer 10

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID AND TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE

Question 11

The_____ and elastic connective tissue together form the
fibroelastic membrane, a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of
the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilage?

Answer 11

TRACHEALIS MUSCLE

Question 12

branches from the tertiary bronchi. Bronchioles, which are about
1 mm in diameter, further branch until they become the tiny terminal
bronchioles, which lead to the structures of gas exchange?

Answer 12

BRONCHIOLE

Question 12

or respiratory tree) is the collective term used for these
multiple-branched bronchi. The main function of the bronchi, like other
conducting zone structures, is to provide a passageway for air to move into and
out of each lungs?

Answer 12

BRONCHIAL TREE

Question 13

An ___ is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli?

Answer 13

ALVEOLAR DUCT

Question 14

An____ is one of the many small, grape-like sacs that are attached to the
alveolar ducts?

Answer 14

ALVEOLUS

Question 15

An ___ is a cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for
gas exchange?

Answer 15

ALVEOLAR SAC

Question 16

It refers to the magnitude of change in lung volume as a result of the
change in pulmonary pressure?

Answer 16

LUNG COMPLIANCE

Question 17

Peripheral clues may suggest pulmonary or cardiac difficulties: FINGERS

Answer 17

CLUBBING

Question 18

Peripheral clues may suggest pulmonary or cardiac difficulties: BREATH

Answer 18

ODOR

Question 19

Respiration:

Answer 19

Rate
o Quality
o Pattern
o Count rate while palpating

Question 19

Peripheral clues may suggest pulmonary or cardiac difficulties: Skin, nails, and lips

Answer 19

CYANOSIS OR PALLOR

Question 19

Peripheral clues may suggest pulmonary or cardiac difficulties: LIPS

Answer 19

PURSUING

Question 20

Peripheral clues may suggest pulmonary or cardiac difficulties: NOSTRILS

Answer 20

FLARING

Question 21

Normal Breathing?

Answer 21

12-20 breath/min and
regular

Question 22

More than 20 breaths/ min and shallow. May be a normal response to fever, anxiety, or exercise. Can occur with respiratory insufficiency, alkalosis, pneumonia, or pleurisy?

Answer 22

Tachypnea

Question 22

Less than 10 breaths/ min and regular? May be normal in well- conditioned athletes. Can occur with medication-induced depression of respiratory center, diabetic coma, neurologic damage?

Answer 22

BRADYPNEA

Question 23

Increased rate and increased depth? Usually occurs with extreme exercise, fear, or anxiety. Cause by hyperventilation include disorders of the central the nervous system, an overdose of the drug salicylate or severe anxiety?

Answer 23

HYPERVENTILATION

Question 24

Rapid, deep, labored A type of hyperventilation associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 24

KUSSMAUL RESPIRATION

Question 25

Decreased rate, decreased depth, irregular pattern Usually associated with overdose of narcotics or anesthetics?

Answer 25

HYPOVENTILATION

Question 26

Regular pattern characterized by alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by periods of apnea May result from severe congestive heart failure, drug overdose, increased intracranial pressure or renal failure?

Answer 26

CHEYNE- STOKES RESPIRATION

Question 27

Irregular pattern characterized by varying depth and rate of respirations followed by period of apnea May be seen with meningitis or severe brain damage?

Answer 27

BIOT'S RESPIRATION

Question 28

Significant disorganization with irregular and varying depths of respiration A more extreme expressions of biot’s respirations indicating respiratory compromise?

Answer 28

ATAXIC

Question 28

Increasing difficulty in getting breath out In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease air is trapped in the lungs during forced expiration?

Answer 28

AIR TAPPING

Question 29

 Palpable, coarse, grating vibration, usually on inspiration?

Answer 29

FRICTION RUB

Question 29

 Crackly or crinkly sensation, can be both palpated and heard  Indicates air in the subcutaneous tissue o Rupture somewhere in the respiratory system o Infection with a gas-producing organism?

Answer 29

CREPITUS

Question 29

 Pulsations  Tenderness  Bulges/depressions  Masses  Unusual movement/positions  Elasticity of rib cage  Immovability of sternum  Rigidity of thoracic spine?

Answer 29

THORACIC MUSCLES/ SKELETON

Question 30

Loss of symmetry in the movement of the thumbs suggests a problem on one or both sides?

Answer 30

THORACIC EXPANSION

Question 31

Palpable vibration of the chest wall that results from speech or other verbalizations Note the position of the trachea?

Answer 31

TACTILE FREMITUS

Question 31

Auscultation with a stethoscope provides important clues to the condition of the lungs and pleura.  All sounds can be characterized in the same manner as the percussion notes?

Answer 31

INTENSITY PITCH QUALITY DURATION

Question 31

Characteristics of breath sounds: inspiratory sounds last longer than expiratory one?

Answer 31

VESICULAR

Question 32

Characteristics of breath sounds: Inspiratory and expiratory sounds are about equal?

Answer 32

BRONCHO-VESICULAR

Question 33

Characteristics of breath sounds: expiratory sounds last longer than inspiratory ones?

Answer 33

BRONCHIAL

Question 33

Characteristics of breath sounds: Inspiratory and expiratory sounds are about equal?

Answer 33

TRACHEAL

Question 34

Adventitious Breath Sounds: Occurs outside the respiratory tree  Dry, crackly, grating, low-pitched sound and is heard in both expiration and inspiration  Caused by inflamed, roughened surfaces rubbing together?

Answer 34

FRICTION RUB

Question 34

Adventitious Breath Sounds:  Found with mediastinal emphysema  Variety of sounds—loud crackles, clicking and gurgling sounds are synchronous with the heartbeat and not particularly so with respiration?

Answer 34

MEDIASTINAL CRUNCH (HAMMAN SIGN)

Question 34

Adventitious Breath Sounds: Abnormal respiratory sound heard more often during inspiration and characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds  Fine: high pitched, and relatively short in duration  Coarse: low pitched, and relatively longer in duration?

Answer 34

Crackles (formerly called rales)

Question 35

Breath sounds: Heard over the major bronchi and are typically moderate in pitch and intensity?

Answer 35

BRONCHOVESICULAR

Question 35

Adventitious Breath Sounds: Deeper, more rumbling, more pronounced during expiration, more likely to be prolonged and continuous, and less discrete than crackles. Caused by the passage of air through an airway obstructed by thick secretions, muscular spasm, new growth, or external pressure?

Answer 35

Rhonchi (sonorous wheezes)

Question 35

Adventitious Breath Sounds:  Continuous, high-pitched, musical sound (almost a whistle) heard during inspiration or expiration  Caused by a relatively high-velocity airflow through a narrowed or obstructed airway  May be caused by the bronchospasm of asthma (reactive airway disease) or acute or chronic bronchitis?

Answer 35

WHEEZES

Question 36

Breath sounds: : Low-pitched, low-intensity sounds heard over healthy lung tissue?

Answer 36

VESICULAR

Question 37

Breath sounds: Highest in pitch and intensity *Ordinarily heard only over the trachea  Both bronchovesicular and bronchial breath sounds abnormal if they are heard over the peripheral lung tissue?

Answer 37

BRONCHIAL

Question 37

Breath sounds: o Breathing that resembles the noise made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle o Most often heard with a large, relatively stiff-walled pulmonary cavity or a tension pneumothorax with bronchopleural fistula?

Answer 37

AMPHORIC

Question 38

Breath sounds: o Sounding as if coming from a cavern o Commonly heard over a pulmonary cavity in which the wall is rigid?

Answer 38

CAVERNOUS

Question 39

Spoken voice transmits sounds through the lung fields that may be heard with the stethoscope.  The following auditory changes may be present in any condition that consolidates lung tissue?

Answer 39

VOCAL RESONANCE

Question 40

Greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken sounds?

Answer 40

BRONCHOPHONY

Question 41

Extreme bronchophony where even a whisper can be heard clearly through the stethoscope?

Answer 41

PECTORILOQUY

Question 42

Intensity of the spoken voice is increased and there is a nasal quality*e’s become stuffy broad a’s?

Answer 42

EGOPHONY

Question 43

Thoracic Deformities and Configuration: generally refers to a broad, deep chest found on a patient. A person with ___ will usually have a naturally large ribcage, very round (i.e., vertically cylindrical) torso, large lung capacity, and can potentially have great upper body streng

Answer 43

BARREL CHEST

Question 44

Thoracic Deformities and Configuration: is a congenital chest wall deformity in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally, producing a concave, or caved-in, appearance in the anterior chest wall?

Answer 44

Pectus excavatum, also known as sunken or funnel chest

Question 45

Thoracic Deformities and Configuration: is a malformation of the chest characterized by a protrusion of the sternum and ribs. It is distinct from the related malformation pectus excavatum?

Answer 45

Pectus carinatum, also called PIGEON CHEST

Question 45

Thoracic Deformities and Configuration: is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty. While scoliosis can be caused by conditions such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy, the cause of most scoliosis is unknown?

Answer 45

SCOLIOSIS

Question 46

Thoracic Deformities and Configuration: is a spinal disorder in which an excessive outward curve of the spine results in an abnormal rounding of the upper back. The condition is sometimes known as "round back" or—in the case of a severe curve—"hunchback"?

Answer 46

KYPHOSIS