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Anatomy > Thorax And Respiratory System > Flashcards

Thorax And Respiratory System Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Thorax cage

A

Superior portion of the trunk between the neck and abdomen

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2
Q

What makes up the thoracic cage?

A

8 pairs of true ribs, 4 false ribs, 2 floating ribs, sternum, costal cartilages, 12 thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

What makes up the thoracic wall

A

Muscles of respiration and blood vessels

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4
Q

External intercostals muscles

A
  • located between ribs and run inferiomedially
  • elevated rib making the thorax larger during inspiration
  • innervated by intercostal nerves T1-T12
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5
Q

Internal Intercostals muscles

A
  • located between ribs (intercostal space)
  • deep to external intercostals
  • fibers run inferiolaterally
  • depresses ribs during expiration making the thorax smaller
  • innervated by intercostal nerves
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6
Q

Innermost intercostals

A
  • includes the transverse thoracis muscle anteriorly and subcostalus muscles posteriorly
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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

Originate : xiphoid process, lower 6 ribs, L1-L2
Insert : central tendon of musculofibrous ring (separates thoracic and abdominal cavity)
Action : contracts during inspiration, expanding thorax vertically
Innervation : phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

The central tendon has 3 openings for: aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus

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8
Q

Accessory Muscles of inspiration

A
  • used during labored/increased inspiration
  • assist diaphragm and external intercostals
  • scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
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9
Q

Accessory muscles of expiration

A
  • used during forced expiration
  • acts with internal intercostals
  • abdominals: recuts abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis
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10
Q

External intercostals action

A

Inspiration
Elevates ribs

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11
Q

Action os diaphragm

A

Inspiration
Pushes down abdominal contents and expands thorax vertically

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12
Q

Actions of sternocleidomastiod

A

Inspiration, Elevates sternum

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13
Q

Action of scalenes

A

Inspiration, elevates ribs 1-2

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14
Q

Actions of pectoralis minor

A

Inspiration, elevates ribs 3-5

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15
Q

Quiet breathing - expiration

A

External intercostals relax and the lungs passively deflate

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16
Q

Active breathing - expiration

A

Internal intercostals - depresses ribs
Abdominals - push up abdominal contents, shortening the thorax

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17
Q

Intercostal muscles are innervated by…

A

T1-T12

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18
Q

The diaphragm is innervated by…

A

Phernic nerve C3-C5

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19
Q

What makes up external nasal cavity

A

Alae (wings)
External nares (nostrils)

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20
Q

What makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavity

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Septal cartilage
Vomer

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21
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Superior conchae (part of ethmoid)
Middle conchae (part of ethmoid)
Inferior conchae (own bone)

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22
Q

What is the interior lining of the nasal cavity

A
  • mucus membrane bound to the periosteum and perichondrium of supporting bones and cartilage
  • continuous membrane with nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, lacrimal sac, and conjunctiva
  • olfactory mucosa contains olfactory receptor cells
  • humidifies and filters air before entering the lungs
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23
Q

What is the choanae of the nasal cavity

A

Openings between nasal cavity (anterior) and nasopharynx (posterior)

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24
Q

What makes up the nasopharynx

A
  • pharyngeal tonsils
  • Eustachian tube
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25
What makes up oropharynx
- Palatine tonsils - lingual tonsils
26
Pharyngeal tonsils
Adenoids
27
Eustachian tube
Connects nasal cavity to the ear, where we feel our ears popping
28
Palatine tonsils
between palatoglossal arches and palatopharyngeal arches
29
Lingual tonsils (2)
At base of tongue
30
What are the major cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid (2), epiglottis
31
Epiglottis
Stops food from going down trachea
32
Where does the trachea cut in on the larynx
Between cricoid and thyroid for breathing
33
Vocal cords (2) (folds)
- infolding of mucus membrane that enclose vocal ligaments - attached to thyroid (anteriorly) and arytenoid (posteriorly) - true vocal cords - abducted “v” shape to breathe - adducted “parallel” to speak
34
Vestibular (ventricular) folds (2)
- thick fold of mucous membrane that encases the vestibular ligaments - plays minimal role in phonation - false vocal cords - lateral to true vocal cords
35
What are laryngeal muscles
- 2 types intrinsic and extrinsic - cause arytenoid cartilage to pivot which makes the vocal ligaments move closer and farther from each other - closer together has higher pitch
36
What is tracheal cartilage
Series of incomplete C shaped cartilage which connect to the posterior muscular wall
37
What are annular ligaments
Ligaments between tracheal cartilages
38
What is trachealis
Longitudinally oriented smooth muscle, important for coughing
39
What is the carina
Bifurcation of trachea at T5, most sensitive area of the tree
40
What is pleura
Smooth serous lining outside of the lungs
41
What is the parietal layer of the pleura
Lines the thoracic wall
42
What is the visceral layer of the lungs
Lining of the lung, inside of parietal layer
43
Right lung lobes
Superior, middle, and inferior
44
Left lung lobes
Superior and inferior
45
Fissures of right lung
Horizontal and oblique
46
Fissure of left lung
Oblique
47
Lung vessels
- 1 pulmonary artery at each lung - 2 pulmonary veins at each lung - 1 primary bronchus - bronchial artery - bronchial vein
48
Primary bronchus
Enter at hilus with pulmonary vessels, supplies the lungs with air
49
What does the bronchial vein do
Drain to azygos system: supplies bronchi and connective tissue of the lung
50
What is the hilus
Root of the lung
51
Lung vessels mnemonic
RALS (Right hilum) Right pulmonary artery lies Anterior to the right primary bronchus (Left hilum) Left pulmonary artery lies Superior to the left primary bronchus
52
What is primary bronchi
Enters lung at hilus (root) 2 in total, 1 for each lung
53
Job of secondary bronchi
Bronchi supply respective lobes Right: superior, middle, inferior lobar bronchi Left: superior, inferior lobar bronchi
54
Job of tertiary bronchi
(Segmental) Supply brochopulmonary segments
55
Bronchioles
- Beyond tertiary bronchi - no cartilage - surrounded by smooth muscle - sympathetic innervation : bronchodilation - parasympathetic innervation: bronchoconstriction
56
Respiratory bronchioles
- begins respiratory segment - branches from terminal bronchioles - can have some alveoli
57
Alveoli
Sacs lined by a single layer of epithelial cells and formed by 2 cells, gas exchange
58
Type 1 alveoli
Form a border with capillary for gas exchange
59
Type 2 alveoli
Produce surfactant, reduces surface tension of alveoli which prevents collapse
60
Gas exchange with deoxygenated blood
Right ventricle - pulmonary artery - pulmonary arteriole - capillary
61
Gas exchange with oxygenated blood
Pulmonary venule - pulmonary veins - left atrium
62
Alveoli facts
- elastic fibers allow alveoli to expand with inspiration and passively recoil with expiration - lung gas 300 million alveoli

Anatomy (21 decks)

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