Thorax- nose

Question 1

What is the function of the nose and nasal cavities?

Answer 1

olfaction (smelling)

respiration

filtration of dust

humidification of inspired air

reception and elimination of secretions from nasal mucosa, paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

Question 2

What does the bony part of the nose consist of

Answer 2

nasal bones

frontla process of maxillae

nasal part of frontal bone and nasal spine

bony part of nasal septum

Question 3

What does the cartilaginous part of the nose consist of

Answer 3

two lateral cartilages

two alar cartilages (U shaped, can move around)

septal cartilage

Question 6

where do nasal cavities open to?

what lines it?

Answer 6

• Entered through nares open posteriorly to nasopharynx through choanae
• Mucosa lines nasal cavities except the vestibule of nose (skin)
  *

Question 7

boundaries of the nasal cavity

Answer 7

• Roof: curved and narrow except at posterior end
• Floor- hard palate
• Medial wall: nasal septum; perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage and nasal crests of maxillary and palatine bones
• Lateral wall: uneven- nasal conchae and meatus

Question 8

what is the mucosa of nasal cavities continuous with?

Answer 8

all chambers communicating with nasal cavities: nasopharynx (posteriorly), paranasal sinuses (superiorly and laterally), the lacrimal sac and conjunctiva superiorly

Question 9

what is unique about the olfactory area?

Answer 9

specialised mucosa with peripheral organ of smell, sniffing draws air

• Receptor neurones in olfactory epithelium- forms nerve bundles passing through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and enters olfactory bulb

Question 11

what are nasal conchae

Answer 11

curves projecting out of the lateral wall

• inferior, middle and superior

creates meatus for the air to flow

Question 12

why are meatus’ important in respiration

Answer 12

increases surface area- increases amount of air inspired and come in contact with cavity walls

Slows down air flow and makes it turbulent, humidified and cleaned.

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess

Answer 14

in superior concha

receives opening of sphenoidal sinus

Question 15

where is the ethmoidal infundibulum

Answer 15

middle meatus communicates with frontal sinus

Question 16

where is the Semi-lunar hiatus

Answer 16

openings of frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses

Question 17

where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into

Answer 17

inferior meatus (tears in eye)

Question 18

what is the ethmoidal bulla

Answer 18

bulge in lateral wall formed by middle ethmoidal sinus

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

what are paranasal sinuses and what do they do

what are they lined with

Answer 20

air filled extensions of respiratory part of nasal cavity

humidifies air, makes the skull weigh lighter

respiratory mucosa

Question 21

Frontal sinus:

Answer 21

triangular shaped

• Frontalnasal duct-> ethmoidal infundibulum -> semilunaris hiatus -> middle meatus
• CN V₁: supra-orbital nerves

Question 22

Sphenoid sinus

Answer 22

level of spheno-ethmoidal recess

Pituitary gland can be accessed via this sinus.

Thin plates of bone separate from optic nerves, pit. Gland, internal carotid arteries

• Superior meatus

posterior ethmoidal nerves

Question 23

Ethmoidal sinus:

Answer 23

• Anterio– middle meatus
• Middle– middle (forms ethmoidal bulla)
• Posterior- superior meatus
• CN V₁ anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of nasociliary nerves
• Posterior ethmoidal artery and nerve

Question 24

Maxillary sinus

Answer 24

• Maxillary ostium -> Semi lunar hiatus -> Middle meatus (cannot drain when head it erect until full)
• Base: inferior part of lateral wall of nasal cavity
• Roof: floor of orbit
• Floor: alveolar part of maxilla
• Maxillary artery, branhes of greater palatine artery
• CV N₂: Alveolar nerves

Question 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

what is most commonly infected?

what issues arise due to the anatomy of this?

Answer 27

maxillary sinus

ostia are high

when the head is vertical it is impossible for the sinuses to drain until they are full

when lying down only the upper sinus of one side drains so there will be rolling at night

Question 28

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

what is the role of epiglottis

Answer 30

prevents food from entering trachea due to elevation of hyoid bone

Question 31

function of uvula

Answer 31

during swallowing it moves superiorly with soft palate to close off the nasopharynx to prevent food entering nasal cavity gag reflex can be initated via vagus nerve

Question 32

what bone is this?

Answer 32

hyoid bone

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

Answer 34

Question 35

what is the adams apple also known as

Answer 35

laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage

Question 36

function of arytenoid cartilages

Answer 36

attaches to vocal folds to allow movement of vocal chords

Question 37

what is the hard palate made up of

Answer 37

palatine process of maxilla and palatine bone

Question 38

what is the choanae

Answer 38

posterior nasal aperture empties into nasopharynx

Question 39

what is respiratory epithelium

Answer 39

ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 40

border of nasopharynx

Answer 40

communicates with nasal cavity anteriorly and soft palate

Question 41

borders of oropharynx

Answer 41

between soft palate and superior border of epiglottis

Question 42

laryngopharynx border

Answer 42

between the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage C6

Question 43

opening of auditory (Eustachian) tube

Answer 43

opens into the nasopharynx at the level of the inferior meatus. It allows the middle ear to equalise with the atmospheric air pressure.

Question 44

function of soft palate

Answer 44

prevents the food bolus from entering the nasopharynx by closing pharyngeal isthmus

Question 45

what nerve innervates all the sinuses and what type of nerve is it

Answer 45

trigeminal nerve- mixed nerve

Question 46

sensory nerve supply of nasal cavity

Answer 46

special sensory: olfactory nerves general: nasopalatine and nasociliary nerves CNV1+2

Question 47

paranasal sinuses and sinusitis

Answer 47

infection can spread from nasal cavitites to produce inflammation and swelling of mucosa of sinuses as they are continuous

Question 48

cranial nerves and referred pain

Answer 48

irritation of cranial nerve V can caise referred ear pain