Thorax structures & functions

Question 1

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

Answer 1

Manubrium, body & xiphoid

Question 2

What are the 2 functions of the thoracic cage?

Answer 2

To protect the thoracic contents & provide flexibility for the movement involved in respiration.

Question 3

What are the 3 contents of the ‘thoracic cavity’?

Answer 3

Mediastinum, lungs & pleura & diaphragm.

Question 4

What structures does the thoracic inlet contain? (4)

Answer 4

Trachea, oesophagus, apices of lungs & neurovascular structures passing to/from upper head & upper limb.

Question 5

What structures is the thoracic inlet bounded by?

Answer 5

T1 vertebra posteriorly
1st ribs & costal cartilages laterally
Superior border of manubrium anteriorly.

Question 6

What structures is the thoracic outlet bounded by?

Answer 6

Xiphoid process anteriorly
Costal margins of ribs 7-10
Ribs 11 & 12
T12 vertebra posteriorly

Question 7

What structures attach to the manubrium of the sternum?

Answer 7

Clavicles & first & upper parts of 2nd costal cartilages.

Question 8

At what level is the manubriosternal joint?

Answer 8

T4/T5

Question 9

At what level is the body of the sternum?

Answer 9

T5-T8

Question 10

What costal cartilages does the body of the sternum receive?

Answer 10

3rd-7th

Question 11

What part of the sternum is cartilaginous until it ossifies in adults?

Answer 11

Xiphoid process

Question 12

1-7th ribs = ____ ribs
8-10th ribs = ____ ribs
11-12th = ____ ribs

Answer 12

true
false
floating

Question 13

What part of the rib joins it to the body of the vertebra?

Answer 13

Head

Question 14

How many articular facets do ribs 3-9 have?

Answer 14

2

Question 15

How many articular facets does the 10th rib have?

Answer 15

1

Question 16

The _____of the rib forms the joint to the transverse process of the vertebra

Answer 16

Tubercle

Question 17

Where is the costal groove of the rib located?

Answer 17

Inferior edge @ internal aspect of rib

Question 18

What rib is uncommon?

Answer 18

Cervical rib

Question 19

Whats a problem with the presence of a cervical rib?

Answer 19

Compression of the neurovascular structures, e.g. subclavian artery/ brachial plexus

Question 20

Laminae connect the _____ processes with the ____ processes

Answer 20

transverse

spinous

Question 21

What structures of the vertebrae form the intervertebral foramina?

Answer 21

The superior & inferior articular processes from adjoining vertebrae

Question 22

In relation to the thoracic vertebra, transverse processes are for ____ ______ with the ribs. Long spinal processes point ______ sharply. ____ thickness of vert. disc compared to lumbar & cervical. Superior articular facets face back & lateral, limiting ______/_____ & _____ flexion movements

Answer 22

joint formation
downwards
medium
flexion/extension
lateral

Question 23

The ______ is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity which lies between the right & left lungs.

Answer 23

mediastinum

Question 24

What does the mediastinum NOT contain?

Answer 24

lungs

Question 25

Name the 4 compartments of the mediastinum

Answer 25

Superior mediastinum anterior middle posterior

Question 26

The superior mediastinum contains: t___ (in children), vessels incl. a___ of a____, t____, o_____, t____ duct, v____ nerves, l____ r_____ l_____ nerve, p____ nerves.

Answer 26

``` thymus arch of aorta trachea oesophagus thoracic vagus left recurrent laryngeal phrenic ```

Question 27

Anterior mediastinum contains: t_____ (in children) c______ tissues & f__

Answer 27

thymus connective tissues fat

Question 28

Middle mediastinum contains: | h____, p____, p____ nerve

Answer 28

Heart, pericardium, phrenic

Question 29

Posterior mediastinum contains: | t_____ a____, t____ duct, a___ & h_____ veins, o______

Answer 29

thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos & hemiazygos veins & oesophagus

Question 30

Where is the ascending aorta located? level of costal cartilage _ to _

Answer 30

Middle mediastinum | 3 to 2

Question 31

The ascending aorta ascends from the a_____ o____ of l___ v_____ to aortic arch

Answer 31

Aortic orifice | left ventricle

Question 32

What is the ascending aorta covered by?

Answer 32

Pericardium

Question 33

What arteries branch out from the ascending aorta?

Answer 33

coronary arteries

Question 34

Where is the aortic arch located?

Answer 34

Superior mediastinum

Question 35

What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 35

1. Brachiocephalic trunk 2. Left common carotid artery 3. Left subclavian artery

Question 36

At what level does the descending aorta commence?

Answer 36

Level of T4/T5.

Question 37

The descending aorta is located in the _____ mediastinum. It descends left side of the T_ -T__ vertebrae.

Answer 37

posterior | t5-t12

Question 38

Where does the descending aorta enter the abdomen?

Answer 38

Aortic hiatus

Question 39

What 5 structures does the descending aorta distribute to? (i____ s_____, b____, o_____, p______, d______)

Answer 39

``` Intercostal spaces bronchus oesophagus pericardium diaphragm ```

Question 40

The right posterior intercostal vein drains into what vein?

Answer 40

Azygos vein

Question 41

The left posterior intercostal vein drains into which 2 veins?

Answer 41

Hemiazygos/ accessory hemiazygos.

Question 42

Where does the azygos vein begin?

Answer 42

Abdomen

Question 43

The azygos vein is a continuation of the right a______ l_____ v______

Answer 43

Ascending lumbar vein

Question 44

What structure does the azygos vein drain into and at what level?

Answer 44

Superior vena cava | level of sternal angle

Question 45

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the union of what veins (2)?

Answer 45

Subclavian & internal jugular

Question 46

What structures form the superior vena cava?

Answer 46

Brachiocephalic veins

Question 47

Do the brachiocephalic veins have valves?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

Which of the two brachiocephalic veins is longer?

Answer 48

Left

Question 49

What does the thoracic duct start as in the abdomen? (c___ c___)

Answer 49

cisterna chyli

Question 50

The thoracic duct carries lymph from the whole body except from what parts? (3)q

Answer 50

Right side of thorax, right upper limb, right side of head & neck

Question 51

What is the thoracic duct?

Answer 51

Large lymph duct

Question 52

Where does the thoracic duct enter?

Answer 52

The junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins

Question 53

Where does the oesophagus extend from?

Answer 53

The level of the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the cardiac orifice of stomach.

Question 54

What supplies the oesophagus?

Answer 54

Inferior thyroid artery, branches of thoracic aorta & gastric artery

Question 55

How long is the oesophagus?

Answer 55

25cm

Question 56

How long is the trachea?

Answer 56

12cm

Question 57

Where does the trachea extend from?

Answer 57

level of inferior border of cricoid cartilage at C6 - T4/5 where it bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle to form right and left bronchi.

Question 58

How many U-shaped cartilages are there in the trachea roughly?

Answer 58

15-20

Question 59

What structure does the oesophagus receive its blood supply from?

Answer 59

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 60

Which of the two bronchi gives off branches before entering hilum of lung?

Answer 60

Right main bronchus

Question 61

How many lobar bronchi does the right main bronchus give off?

Answer 61

3

Question 62

How many lobar bronchi does the left main bronchus give off?

Answer 62

2

Question 63

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 63

3

Question 64

What 2 fissures does the right lung contain?

Answer 64

Oblique & horizontal

Question 65

How many lobes does the left lung have and what's the name of the fissure?

Answer 65

2, oblique

Question 66

What's the name of the little part of the left lung that corresponds anatomically to the right lung's middle lobe?

Answer 66

Lingula

Question 67

Name 2 important parts of the left lung

Answer 67

Lingula & cardiac notch

Question 68

How many segments are in the right lung?

Answer 68

10

Question 69

How many segments are in the left lung?

Answer 69

9

Question 70

What vertebra and costal cartilage does the oblique fissure correspond with?

Answer 70

5th vertebra | 6th CC

Question 71

What costal cartilage does the horizontal fissure correspond with and what rib does it meet the oblique fissure?

Answer 71

4th CC | 5th rib

Question 72

What rib corresponds with horizontal fissure?

Answer 72

4th rib

Question 73

What ribs correspond with oblique fissure?

Answer 73

5th & 6th ribs

Question 74

What ribs correspond with base of lung?

Answer 74

8th & 9th ribs

Question 75

What rib corresponds with the inferior margin of parietal pleura?

Answer 75

9th rib

Question 76

Name the 2 layers of the pleura

Answer 76

Parietal & visceral

Question 77

What does the parietal pleura attach to?

Answer 77

Chest wall, diaphragm & lateral aspect of mediastinum.

Question 78

What does the visceral pleura attach to?

Answer 78

The outer surface of the lungs including fissures.

Question 79

Where do the 2 parietal layers become continuous?

Answer 79

Hilum of the lungs

Question 80

What's the function of pleural fluid?

Answer 80

Act as a lubricant during respiration

Question 81

What is a pleural recess?

Answer 81

Space where the two parietal layers become opposed/distant

Question 82

Name 2 pleural recesses

Answer 82

Costodiaphragmatic recess | Costomediastinal recess