Thrall chapter 11 the cranial nasal cavities

Question 1

2) Which bone the facial nerve travel through to exit the skull?
a) Presphenoid
b) Basisphenoid
c) Temporal
d) Occipital

Answer 1

2) C squamous portion. Facial nerve originates from the MO. Exits via the internal acoustic meatus (with CN VIII)–> stylomastoid foramen through the squamous part of the temporal bone. Short canal for trigeminal nerve also in this bone

Question 2

3) Which foramen does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull from?
a) The oval foramen
b) The round foramen
c) The oblong foramen
d) The oval fissure

Answer 2

A

Question 3

4) Occipital dysplasia is…
a) Always associated with neurological disease
b) Always incidental
c) Can be associated with neurological disease
d) Is often seen in cocker spaniels

Answer 3

4) C. seen in small and toy breeds

Question 4

5) Which of the following is false regarding mucopolysaccharidosis VI?
a) Shortened nasal conchae, hypoplasia of the frontal sinuses
b) Epiphyseal dysplasia, generalized osteopetrosis
c) Shortened incisive and maxillary bones
d) Seen to affect Siamese cats, DSHs and miniature pinschers, among other breeds

Answer 4

5) B- epiphyseal dysplasia is right, but causes osteoporosis

also pectus excavatum and vertebral changes can be seen

MPS I- similar but less severe facial deformity

Question 5

6) What is the most common nasal tumour in dogs and cats?
a) Round cell
b) Sarcoma
c) Carcinoma
d) Neuroendocrine

Answer 5

C

two-thirds of nasal tumors are epithelial (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma), and the other one-third are mesenchymal (fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, undifferentiated sarcoma). Intranasal lymphoma also occurs, with a higher prevalence in cats.

Question 6

7) What percentage of feline/canine cancer is due to tumours of the oral cavity?
a) 1%/ 13-15%%
b) 3%/ 6-7%
c) 23-24%/ 10%
d) 55%/ 7-8%

Answer 6

B

Question 7

8) Which statement is true regarding oral tumours in dogs and cats?
a) Malignant melanoma is common is cats but rare in dogs. It infrequently metastasis
b) Oral squamous cell carcinoma commonly occurs in the caudal mandible in dogs
c) Squamous cell carcinoma in cats is commonly seen in sublingual and maxillary locations. CT features included sclerotic/ lytic bone lesions and heterogenous contrast enhancement. It has a good prognosis.
d) Oral fibrosarcoma in dogs can affect the maxilla or mandible with a predilection site for the palate. It is often histologically benign but biologically aggressive with bone lysis as a common feature

Answer 7

8) D. Malignant melanoma and fibrosarcoma are common in dogs but rare in cats, it frequently metastasizes to the regional LNs and lungs, with variable bone lysis, Oral squamous cell carcinoma commonly occurs in the rostral mandible in dogs, SCC has a poor prognosis

malignant melanoma occurs in large- and small-breed dogs, commonly metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and lungs, and has variable bone lysis

Squamous cell carcinoma in cats affects the mandible or maxilla, causing sclerotic and/or lytic changes to bone. Common CT features of feline squamous cell carcinoma include sublingual and maxillary locations with marked heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Unlike squamous cell carcinoma in the dog, these tumors in cats have a poor prognosis and are less responsive to radiotherapy.

Question 8

9) What is the most likely diagnosis in this 8yo mastiff?
A) Multilobular osteochondrosarcoma
b) Chondrosarcoma
c) Osteosarcoma

Answer 8

9) A, would have to biopsy likely to rule in/out osteosarcoma. Osteosarcs from cranial vault often osteoblastic with well defined margins. Osteomas are slow growing with smooth well defined borders and without lysis

Question 9

10) What percentage of osteosarcomas arise from the skull?
a) 1-2%
b) 10-15%
c) 45-65%
d) 20-22%

Answer 9

B

Question 10

11) Which brain tumour often causes changes to the adjacent bone?
a) Lymphoma
b) Meningioma
c) Histiocytic sarcoma
d) Glioma

Answer 10

B

Question 11

12) Where is blastomycosis endemic in America?
a) Texas and the southern states
b) Texas and west of Texas
c) Texas and east of Texas
d) East of the Mississippi

Answer 11

D
and around the mississippi

Question 12

13) Which of the following features makes aspergillus most likely?
a) Destructive pattern, invasion of adjacent bones and mass effect
b) Destructive pattern, adjacent bones often spared, no mass effect
c) No destructive pattern, mass effect
d) Destructive pattern, invasion of adjacent bones, no mass effect

Answer 12

13) B most common. Erosion of the boney septum rare unless advanced disease.

Question 13

14) What are the common mri features of canine lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis? (intensities compared with muscle)
a) Turbinate lysis in about half the dogs, T1w hypointense nasal turbinates more common
b) Turbinate lysis and T1w hyperintense nasal turbinates
c) Turbinates intact, T1w hyperintensity of turbinates
d) Turbinates in tact T1w isointensity

Answer 13

A

Question 14

15) Which of the following is not a feature of a cholesteatoma?
a) Expansion of the tympanic cavity
b) sclerosis, lysis and proliferation of the bulla
c) sclerosis and osteoproliferation of the ipsilateral TMJ
d) moderate contrast enhancement

Answer 14

15) D. Often no enhancement, sometimes rim enhancement like polyps.

sclerosis or osteoproliferation of the ipsilateral TMJ and paracondylar process can occur. Cholesteatoma can cause lysis of the petrosal part of the temporal bone, leading to intracranial complications

Question 15

do dogs have a spenoidal sinus?

Answer 15

thrall says yes. imaios: n Dogs, it is occupied largely by endoturbinate IV, as mentionned by Evans and de Lahunta (2012). However, Barone 2017 does not described the sphenoidal sinus among the sinuses and Constantinescu and Shaller consider that it is absent in carnivores (probably only dogs).
in another book it says absent

Question 16

what is the likely diagnosis in this 19 month old papillon?
a) soft tissue sarcoma
b) meningioma
c) hydrocephalus
d) osteomyelitis

Answer 16

C- Note the homogeneous appearance of the calvaria caused by a loss of the normal convolutional skull markings.

Question 17

which breed is most commonly affected by temporomandibular joint dysplasia causing open mouth jaw locking?
a) beagle
b) basset hound
c) spaniels
d) German shepherd

Answer 17

B
also seen in Irish setters.
The open-mouth jaw locking occurs after hyperextension of the jaw, excessive lateral movement of the condyloid process, and subsequent entrapment lateral to the zygomatic arch. Physical entrapment usually occurs on the side opposite from the joint with the most severe dysplastic changes

In spaniels, Pekingese, and dachshunds, TMJ dysplasia is an asymptomatic anatomic anomaly

Question 18

what is the earliest radiographic sign of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 18

loss of the lamina dura around the teeth.

In extreme hyperparathyroidism, demineralization is followed by fibrous tissue hyperplasia, termed fibrous osteodystrophy. This uncommon development leads to skull thickening, and particularly by maxillary enlargement, caused by fibrous tissue proliferation.

Question 19

what imaging features may bee seen in the skull of an acromegalic cat (3)

Answer 19

pituitary tumor, increased frontal bone thickness, and evidence of soft tissue accumulation in nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx.

Question 20

tumours of the nasal cavity account for XX percent of neoplasms in dogs and cats.
a) 2%
b) 10%
c) 8%
d) 15%

Answer 20

A- 1-2%

Question 21

which is the most common location for a multilobular osteochondrosarcoma?
a) hard palate
b) rostral mandible
c) frontal and temporal region
d) temporo-occipital region

Answer 21

D

Question 22

which locations for multilobular osteochondrosarcoma have not been described?
a) orbit
b) maxilla and mandible
c) tympanic bulla and zygomatic arch
d) hard palate
e) spendoid bones

Answer 22

E
They typically occur in the skull, but can also be found in other flat bones like the ribs or pelvis.
slow growing and often non- painful

An MLO typically has characteristic radiographic features. The margins are well defined, and there can be lysis of adjacent bone.107 The central core of the tumor comprises a coarse, granular mineral opacity throughout

Question 23

what is your diagnosis in this dog with a slow growing non- painful swelling of the skull?
a) SCC
b) malignant melanoma
c) MLO
d) ossifying fibroma

Answer 23

C more likely but other causes should be considered

OSA, osteoma, osteochondroma

OSA the most common primary bone tumour of the skull. Distribution of canine skull osteosarcoma in 183 dogs was 43.7% maxilla, 32.8% mandible, and 23.5% calvarium, and metastases were rare at diagnosis (3.8%)

Question 24

which differential is not considered in this 9yo crossbreed dog?
a) ossified fibroma
b) OSA
c) malignant melanoma
d) sclerosing osteitis
e) acanthomatous ameloblastoma
f) peripheral otontogenic fibromas
g) SCC

Answer 24

D, F

POF- are classified as hamartomas; which can grow large and produce bony proliferations, but are not aggressive enough toinduce bone lysis

was OSA on fna but ossifying fibroma on histopathology

MM- in a paper from 2021- most (9/15 60%) were in the caudal maxilla, 12/15 had bone lysis, 7/15 caused tooth loss.

SCC more commonly rostral in dogs but can be anywhere

see image for a frontal sinus ossifying fibroma

Question 25

what is the most common location of OSA in the skull? a) incisive bone b) calvarium c) maxilla d) mandible

Answer 25

C

Question 26

a) inflammatory- fungal b) inflammatory- lymphoplasmacytic c) neoplasia- epithelial d) neoplasia- mesenchymal

Answer 26

A- aspergillus- empty nose Intraoral dorsoventral maxillary (A) and rostrocaudal/frontal sinus (B) radiographs of a dog nasal aspergillosis. There is destruction of the left nasal turbinates with reduced opacity of the nasal cavity (A) and increased opacity in the left frontal sinus (B). The left frontal bone is thickened medially and partially lytic laterally.

Question 27

sinonasal cryptococcosis in cats typically causes a) non- destructive rhinitis, some have nasal masses, all have nasopharyngeal masses b) non- destructive rhinitis, some have nasopharyngeal masses, all have nasal masses c) destructive rhinitis, cribriform plate lysis, lysis of paranasal bones d) destructive rhinitis, sparing of the cribriform plate

Answer 27

A. more severe in dogs https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35279897/

Question 28

sino- orbital aspergillosis in cats is caused by which pathogen? a) A. felis b) A. fumigatus c) A. riger d) A. neoformans

Answer 28

A most invasive type

Question 29

name four differentials for masses of the ear canal

Answer 29

SCC, mucinous gland adenocarcinoma, polyp, plasmacytoma

Question 30

which muscle is not typically affected in masticatory muscle myositis? a) temporalis b) masseter c) digastricus d) pterygoids

Answer 30

C it lacks the unique type 2M muscle fibers that are targeted by the immune system in this autoimmune condition

Question 31

which is true about traumatic TMJ luxation a) commonly unilateral, rostroventral b) commonly bilateral, rostrodorsal c) commonly unilateral, rostrodorsal d) commonly bilateral, rostroventral

Answer 31

C it may occur alone or with concomitant fractures of the retroarticular process, mandibular fossa, and zygomatic process of the squamous temporal bone or with the condyloid process of the mandible

Question 32

craniomadibular osteopathy in WHWTs is... a) autosomal dominant b) autosomal recessive c) x linked recessive d) x linked dominant

Answer 32

B

Question 33

calvarial hyperostosis affects which breed most commonly? a) WHWT b) bull mastiff c) Boston terrier d) cairn terrier

Answer 33

B Radiographic findings are smooth thickening of various bones of the calvaria, to various degrees. The smooth bone thickening is dissimilar from the irregular thickening seen in CMO. The etiology of calvarial hyperostosis is unknown. CMO and calvarial hyperostosis otherwise seen similar and multiple breeds can be affected.