Thrall chapter 14 canine and feline vertebrae

Question 1

1) What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint (more than one could be correct)?
a) Fibrous
b) Cartilaginous
c) Synovial
d) Synarthrodial

Answer 1

b,c

Question 2

2) Which ligaments are responsible for the stability of the atlantoaxial joint?
a) Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament, apical ligaments, ventral longitudinal ligament
b) Dorsal longitudinal ligament, apical ligaments, ventral longitudinal ligament
c) Dorsal longitudinal ligament, transverse ligament of the atlas, ventral longitudinal ligament
d) Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament, apical ligaments, the transverse ligament of the atlas

Answer 2

d

Question 3

3) In Great Danes, cervical spondylomyelopathy is most often characterized by…
a) Articular process malformation and hyperostosis
b) Vertebral canal stenosis
c) Dorsal longitudinal ligament hypertrophy
d) Disc protrusion/ herniation

Answer 3

a

Question 4

4) Which disc spaces are often narrower radiographically in dogs unaffected by disc disease?
a) T12-13
b) T11-12
c) T10-11
d) T9-10

Answer 4

c, also l5-6

Question 5

5) Spirocerca lupi can cause osseous proliferation of the ventral aspect of which vertebral bodies commonly?
a) T5-6
b) T8-11
c) T9-13
d) L2-5

Answer 5

b

Question 6

6) What is the most correct statement about discospondylitis?
a) It shows similar early and late radiographic changes.
b) Late changes are similar to those of spondylosis deformans.
c) It is typified by increased opacity of the vertebral body, but not the end plates.
d) It frequently causes signs indistinguishable from disc prolapse.

Answer 6

b

Question 7

7) What is spondylosis deformans?
a) Inflammatory disease of the spine
b) A frequent cause of back pain
c) A disease of the entheses of the intervertebral disc
d) It is the same and DISH

Answer 7

c DISH- disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

Question 8

8) The most common site for a primary neoplasia of the vertebral column is…
a) Cervical region
b) Thoracic region
c) Thoracolumbar junction
d) Lumbar region

Answer 8

b, mets more common in lumbar region

Question 9

the articular process joints are also called…
a) omapophyseal joints
b) bihypophseal joints
c) zygapophyseal joints
d) hemiapophyseal joints

Answer 9

C
synovial joints

Question 10

fill in the blanks

Answer 10

spinous process
lamina
pedicle
vertebral canal
transverse process

Question 11

which growth plates fuse first? at how many days should the vertebral arches be fused (dorsal physis)

Answer 11

arches- 106 days
intercentrum 115 days

both by 4 months

Question 12

What is the structure labelled with white arrows in the 1st and 3rd image? 3yMN dog with respiratory signs

a) ossiculum terminale
b) chronic fracture fragment
c) avulsion fragment
d) foreign body

Answer 12

A

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vru.13135

Question 13

name the ligaments

Answer 13

Question 14

the nuchal ligament attaches to the XXX in the dog
a) occipital bone
b) atlas
c) axis

Answer 14

C
no nuchal ligament in the cat

Question 15

what type of joint is between the discs and the endplate

Answer 15

cartilaginous

Question 16

Which is true about lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in cats?
a) usually incidental
b) increased risk of megacolon
c) increased risk of urethral obstruction
d) increased risk of thoracic vertebral stenosis

Answer 16

B. transitional vertebrae have been established as a risk
factor for lumbosacral stenosis in cats.19 Cats with nontraumatic
lumbosacral abnormalities, including absence of L7, transitional
vertebra, and L7-S1 degeneration, were at increased risk for
constipation and megacolon.2

Question 17

spina bifida is most common in
a) dachshunds
b) Chihuahuas
c) bulldogs
d) Rhodesian ridgebacks

Answer 17

C

Question 18

spina bifida is most common in
a) Devon Rex
b) manx
c) Himalayans
d) Scottish folds

Answer 18

B

Question 19

what are the two most important things to assess when looking for AA luxation on radiographs?
a) lateral displacement of the dens
b) dorsal displacement of the dens, widening the distance between the vertebral arch of the atlas and the spinous process of the axis
c) the relationship between the dorsal lamina of the atlas and the dorsal lamina of the axis becomes angular
d) misshapen dorsal spinous process of the axis

Answer 19

B and C

also often decreased c1-c2 overlap, but the figure shows increased overlap. from the paper: A C1-C2 overlap ≤ +1.55 mm was the most sensitive (100%) and specific (94.5%) radiographic measurement in the diagnosis of atlantoaxial instability

The ventral atlantodental interval/dorsal atlantodental interval ratio, dens/C2 ratio,
and C1-C2 anglemay provide further support butmay be normal in individual cases.

Question 20

which of the following is not a primary change in cervical spondylomyelopathy?
a) malformation of the vertebral body and articular processes
b) malarticulation of the articular processes
c) instability and malalignment of the vertebrae and articular processes
d) hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum and dorsal longitudinal ligament
e) stenosis of the vertebral canal

Answer 20

D- secondary

secondary- disc protrusion

Question 21

which breed is this most likely to be?

Answer 21

great dane
osseous cervical spodylomyelopathy: the articular process joints are enlarged and irregular

Question 22

how many vertebral compartments need to be involved in a vertebral fracture to make is more unstable?

Answer 22

2
The dorsal compartment contains the vertebral arch, articular processes, and supportive ligaments; the middle compartment contains spinal cord, dorsal longitudinal ligament, annulus fibrosus, and the dorsal margin of the body; and the ventral compartment includes the remainder of the vertebral body, the annulus, and the ventral longitudinal ligament.

Question 23

what are the bone components of the middle compartment of a vertebra when assessing for fractures

Answer 23

dorsal margin of the body of the vertebra (spinal cord, dorsal longitudinal ligament, annulus fibrosus)

Question 24

what breed is this most likely to be?

Answer 24

doberman pinscher
The diameter of the vertebral canal is narrower, or cone shaped, at the cranial aspect of C7 than at the caudal aspect of C7 (black arrows)

Question 25

what is causing the compression in this great dane

Answer 25

The dorsal compression is typical of laminar malformation leading to vertebral canal narrowing hypertrophy of the ligament? below image: Transverse T2-weighted image at C5–C6. At this site, there is bilateral vertebral canal narrowing with extradural spinal cord compression (white arrows) that results from the hyperostotic malformed articular processes extending into the vertebral canal. can also develop synovial cysts.

Question 26

what are the features of early discospondylitis on radiographs? a) increased opacity of the vertebral body with an irregular periosteal reaction b) osteolysis of the physeal zone of the affected vertebrae with sparing of the endplates c) osseous proliferation of the ventral aspect of the vertebral bodies d) irregular endplate lysis with extension into the vertebral body

Answer 26

D Later, there is collapse of the intervertebral disc space, sclerosis peripheral to the endplate lysis, ventral enthesophyte production, and in some instances subluxation A- spondylitis b- physitis c- T8-11 s. lupi Note the discrete linear opacity associated with a normal endplate (arrows). These discrete opacities are absent at L1–L2, and this absence is a clue that the endplates at this site have been effaced

Question 27

the spinal cord usually terminated where in dogs and cats?

Answer 27

L6 or l7 in dogs depending on breed. later in chapter it says L5-6 L7 in cats

Question 28

what are the 7 criteria for DISH

Answer 28

disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: 1. Bridging ossification along ventral and lateral aspects of three contiguous vertebral bodies 2. Relative preservation of disc-space width within involved areas and absence of changes of degenerative disc disease, such as endplate sclerosis, nuclear calcification, or localized spondylosis deformans 3. Osteoarthritis of the dorsal intervertebral process joints 4. Pseudoarthrosis of the spinous processes 5. Enthesopathy of soft tissue attachments in both axial and appendicular skeleton 6. Osteophytes, sclerosis, and ankylosis of the sacroiliac joints 7. Ankylosis of the symphysis pubis 4/7 needed

Question 29

Answer 29

mucopolysaccharidosis VI in a cat There is extensive remodeling and shape change of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Note the small and irregularly mineralized vertebral epiphyses, typical of this condition. epiphyseal dysplasia including abnormal shape of the dens Changes in the appendicular skeleton include epiphyseal dysplasia of long bones, abnormal nasal conchal development, and coxofemoral subluxation

Question 30

full spine dosage for myelography is... a) 0.45ml/kg b) 0.3ml/kg c) 0.25ml/kg

Answer 30

A b- regional dose guideline only Even in normalcy, full-spine myelograms are rarely achieved with cervical punctures and limited to the cervical vertebral region. Flow of contrast medium into the ventricular system can enhance neurotoxic effects, an additional disadvantage of cervical myelography.

Question 31

Answer 31

The dorsal aspect of the subarachnoid space is widest at the C1–C2 level and tends to be wider than the corresponding ventral aspect of the subarachnoid space in the thoracolumbar region. Small filling defects often seen dorsal to the cervical discs are caused by hypertrophy of the dorsal longitudinal ligament or the annulus fibrosus (see Fig. 14.34) but are not indicative of spinal cord compression if the dorsal subarachnoid space is normal. Clinically significant subarachnoid space filling defects should be accompanied by thinning of the opposite aspect of the contrast medium column or evidence of spinal cord compression.

Question 32

Answer 32

basilar artery- serpentine defect

Question 33

Answer 33

In the cat, the spinal cord is relatively wide and occupies a large percentage of the vertebral canal. As a result, the subarachnoid space is thin and conforms closely to the margins of the vertebral canal; this can give a false impression of cord swelling.

Question 34

Answer 34

Moderate epidural leakage after lumbar myelography at L5–L6. Epidural contrast medium is recognized ventrally by the appearance of opacified vertebral venous sinuses (large closed arrows) and dorsally by opacification dorsal to the subarachnoid space (small closed arrows). Opacified depressions in the vertebral bodies contain the basivertebral veins (open black arrows). Epidural contrast medium summates with the subarachnoid space limiting interpretation

Question 35

Answer 35

Myelomalacia is typified by diffusion of contrast medium into the spinal cord parenchyma (double-headed arrows). Intramedullary swelling is also present, and the subarachnoid space is thin (arrowheads)

Question 36

Answer 36

With severe intramedullary swelling, the contrast medium column may be totally obliterated (arrowheads), masking the extradural component of the lesion on all myelographic views. Intervertebral disc herniation at L2–L3 was confirmed at surgery.

Question 37

Answer 37

Type I ventrolateral disc herniation. A and B, Lateral and ventrodorsal myelograms showing signs of mild intramedullary swelling, but the site of disc herniation is not evident. C, On a ventral 65-degree right dorsal to left oblique projection, an extradural mass effect is visible, typified by subarachnoid space thinning and deviation from disc material (black arrowheads). D, On a ventral 65-degree left dorsal to right oblique projection (orthogonal to C), marked intramedullary swelling is present (black arrows). The extradural and intramedullary lesions are best recognized on the oblique projections because the x-ray beam is striking each lesion tangentially.

Question 38

Answer 38

Type II disc protrusion. A, Extradural mass effect caused by disc protrusion at L3–L4 (arrows). The hourglass appearance, a long-term change, is a result of disc protrusion and hypertrophy of the ventral longitudinal ligament, the annulus fibrosus, and the ligamentum flavum. Long-term degenerative changes of the vertebra are also present (spondylosis deformans and articular process degenerative joint disease). B, Disc protrusion at L7–S1. Note the narrowed intervertebral disc space and deviation of the dural sac (arrows).

Question 39

6-year-old female spayed Labrador retriever. While running in the yard yelped and became acute nonambulatory on the right pelvic limb and weak on the left

Answer 39

Transverse postmyelographic CT image at the level of T13–L1. The subarachnoid contrast medium is attenuated ventrolaterally (arrow). Asterisk denotes intervertebral disc. B, Dorsal plane reformatted CT image. White arrows reveal thinning of lateral contrast columns consistent with spinal cord swelling. Dashed black arrow points toward area of uptake by the spinal cord indicating penetration of the pia by explosive forces from herniation of normal nucleus pulposus

Question 40

3-year-old Rottweiler with cervical pain

Answer 40

A and B, 90-degree orthogonal oblique positioned myelograms of the atlantoaxial area following cervical myelography. These images are approximately 15 degrees from true lateral positioning and were made to maximize the diverticulum. An intradural extramedullary pattern is present. The opacified subarachnoid diverticulum is identified by asterisks. Note narrowing of cervical spinal cord at C2–C3. C, Ventrodorsal myelogram. Note blunted subarachnoid diverticulum (asterisk). The spinal cord is summated by the wide dorsal contrast column seen in