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IELTS > Time And History > Flashcards

Time And History Flashcards

1
Q

Monarchy

A

a form of government with a monarch at the head.

synonyms: kingship, sovereignty, autocracy, monocracy, absolutism, absolute power, despotism, royalism, monarchism

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2
Q

Sovereign

A

a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.
“the Emperor became the first Japanese sovereign to visit Britain”
synonyms: ruler, monarch, supreme ruler, Crown, crowned head, head of state, potentate, suzerain, overlord

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3
Q

Abdicate

A

(of a monarch) renounce one’s throne.
“in 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated as German emperor”
synonyms: resign from, relinquish, renounce, give up, hand over, turn over, deliver up, surrender, vacate

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4
Q

Era

A

a long and distinct period of history with a particular feature or characteristic.
“his death marked the end of an era”
synonyms: epoch, age, period, time, eon, span, generation, stage, point in history

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5
Q

Regent

A

a person appointed to administer a country because the monarch is a minor or is absent or incapacitated.

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6
Q

Dynasty

A

a line of hereditary rulers of a country.
“the Tang dynasty”
synonyms: bloodline, line, ancestral line, lineage, house, family, ancestry, descent, extraction

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7
Q

Reign

A

hold royal office; rule as king or queen.
“Queen Elizabeth reigns over the UK”
synonyms: ruling, regnant, on the throne

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8
Q

Heir

A

a person legally entitled to the property or rank of another on that person’s death.
“his eldest son and heir”
synonyms: successor, next in line, inheritor, heir apparent, heir presumptive, heir-at-law, descendant, beneficiary, legatee

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9
Q

Coronation

A

the ceremony of crowning a sovereign or a sovereign’s consort.
“the Queen’s coronation”
synonyms: crowning, enthronement, enthroning, accession to the throne, investiture, anointing, inauguration

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10
Q

Rule

A

exercise ultimate power or authority over (an area and its people).
“the region today is ruled by elected politicians”
synonyms: be in power, be in control, hold sway, be in authority, be in command, be in charge, govern, be at the helm, reign

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11
Q

Realm

A

a kingdom.
“the peers of the realm”
synonyms: kingdom, sovereign state, monarchy, empire, principality, palatinate, duchy, country, land

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12
Q

Investiture

A

the action of formally investing a person with honors or rank.
“the investiture of bishops”

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13
Q

Idiosyncratic

A

relating to idiosyncrasy; peculiar or individual.
“she emerged as one of the great, idiosyncratic talents of the nineties”
synonyms: singular

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14
Q

Allegedly

A

used to convey that something is claimed to be the case or have taken place, although there is no proof.
“he was allegedly a leading participant in the coup attempt”
synonyms: reportedly, supposedly, reputedly, purportedly, ostensibly, apparently, by all accounts, so the story goes, putatively

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15
Q

Tumultuous

A

making a loud, confused noise; uproarious.
“tumultuous applause”
synonyms: loud, deafening, thunderous, thundering, ear-shattering, ear-splitting, ear-piercing, uproarious, noisy

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16
Q

Peculiar

A

strange or odd; unusual.
“his accent was a peculiar mixture of Cockney and Irish”
synonyms: bizarre, eccentric, strange, odd, weird, queer, funny, unusual, abnormal

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17
Q

Purportedly

A

as appears or is stated to be true, though not necessarily so; allegedly.
“the photos purportedly show Nina with a lover”

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18
Q

Depict

A

show or represent by a drawing, painting, or other art form.
“paintings depicting Old Testament scenes”
synonyms: limn

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19
Q

Dignitaries

A

a person considered to be important because of high rank or office.
“the guests included former shareholders, local dignitaries, and many of the people directly involved with the project”
synonyms: grandee, important person, VIP, very important person, notable, notability, worthy, personage, luminary

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20
Q

Commemorate

A

recall and show respect for (someone or something).

“a wreath-laying ceremony to commemorate the war dead”

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21
Q

Desecration

A

the action of desecrating something.
“the desecration of a grave”
synonyms: violation, profanation, sacrilege, pollution, contamination, infection, befouling, defilement, debasement

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22
Q

Intact

A

not damaged or impaired in any way; complete.
“the church was almost in ruins but its tower remained intact”
synonyms: scatheless

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23
Q

Fragments

A

a small part broken or separated off something.
“small fragments of pottery, glass, and tiles”
synonyms: spall

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24
Q

Phenomenal

A

very remarkable; extraordinary.
“the town expanded at a phenomenal rate”
synonyms: exceptional, extraordinary, remarkable, outstanding, amazing, astonishing, astounding, stunning, staggering

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25
Q

Dazzling

A

extremely bright, especially so as to blind the eyes temporarily.
“the sunlight was dazzling”
synonyms: extremely bright, blinding, glaring, brilliant, gleaming, shining

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26
Q

Apprehensive

A

anxious or fearful that something bad or unpleasant will happen.
“he felt apprehensive about going home”
synonyms: anxious, alarmed, worried, uneasy, nervous, concerned, agitated, restless, edgy

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27
Q

Exquisite

A

extremely beautiful and, typically, delicate.
“exquisite, jewellike portraits”
synonyms: beautiful, lovely, elegant, graceful, magnificent, superb, superlative, excellent, wonderful

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28
Q

Gruesome

A

causing repulsion or horror; grisly.
“a most gruesome murder”
synonyms: disgustful, loathly

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29
Q

Renowned

A

known or talked about by many people; famous.
“a restaurant renowned for its Southwestern-style food”
synonyms: famous, celebrated, famed, eminent, distinguished, acclaimed, illustrious, preeminent, prominent

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30
Q

Amber

A

hard translucent fossilized resin produced by extinct coniferous trees of the Tertiary period, typically yellowish in color.

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31
Q

Preserve

A

maintain (something) in its original or existing state.
“all records of the past were zealously preserved”
synonyms: conserve, protect, maintain, care for, take care of, look after, save, safeguard, keep

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32
Q

Flung

A

throw or hurl forcefully.
“he picked up the debris and flung it away”
synonyms: chuck, heave, bung, buzz, whang, yeet, peg, hoy, bish

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33
Q

Dusk

A

the darker stage of twilight.
“dusk was falling rapidly”
synonyms: gloaming, eventide, eve, even, evenfall

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34
Q

Ungodly

A

irreligious or immoral.
“ungodly lives of self-obsession, lust, and pleasure”
synonyms: unholy, godless, irreligious, impious, blasphemous, sacrilegious, profane, heathen, pagan

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35
Q

Eerie

A

strange and frightening.
“an eerie green glow in the sky”
synonyms: uncanny, sinister, ghostly, spectral, unnatural, unearthly, preternatural, supernatural, otherworldly

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36
Q

Muffled

A

(of a sound) not loud because of being obstructed in some way; muted.
“they heard the sounds of muffled voices”

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37
Q

Shrill

A

(of a voice or sound) high-pitched and piercing.
“a shrill laugh”
synonyms: high-pitched, piercing, high, sharp, ear-piercing, ear-splitting, air-rending, penetrating, shattering

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38
Q

Raucous

A

making or constituting a disturbingly harsh and loud noise.
“raucous youths”
synonyms: rowdy, noisy, boisterous, roisterous, unruly, disorderly, wild

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39
Q

Dull

A

lacking interest or excitement.
“your diet doesn’t have to be dull and boring”
synonyms: uninteresting, boring, tedious, tiresome, wearisome, dry, dry as dust, flat, bland

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40
Q

Almighty

A

having complete power; omnipotent.
“God almighty”
synonyms: all-powerful, omnipotent, supreme, most high, preeminent, invincible, unconquerable

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41
Q

Blaring out

A

فریاد زدن

42
Q

Hummed

A

make a low, steady continuous sound like that of a bee.
“the computers hummed”
synonyms: susurrate, bombinate

43
Q

Whirred

A

(especially of a machine or a bird’s wings) make a low, continuous, regular sound.
“the ceiling fans whirred in the smoky air”

44
Q

Subdued

A

(of a person or their manner) quiet and rather reflective or depressed.
“I felt strangely subdued as I drove home”
synonyms: hushed, muted, quiet, low, soft, gentle, whispered, murmured, faint

(of color or lighting) soft and restrained.
“a subdued plaid shirt”
synonyms: dim, muted, toned down, softened, soft, lowered, shaded, low-key, subtle

45
Q

Velvety

A

having a smooth, soft appearance, feel, or taste.

“robes of velvety black”

46
Q

Invaded

A

(of an armed force or its commander) enter (a country or region) so as to subjugate or occupy it.
“it was all part of a grander French plan to invade Ireland”
synonyms: occupy, conquer, capture, seize, take (over), annex, win, gain, secure

47
Q

Assassinate

A

murder (an important person) in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons.
“the organization’s leader had been assassinated four months before the coup”
synonyms: slay

48
Q

Allotment

A

the amount of something allocated to a particular person.
“the gadget shuts off the television set when a kid has used up his allotment”
synonyms: cut, whack

49
Q

Bunting

A

flags and other colorful festive decorations

50
Q

Initiate

A

cause (a process or action) to begin.
“he proposes to initiate discussions on planning procedures”
synonyms: get cracking on, get going on, kick off

51
Q

Amenities

A

a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.
“heating is regarded as a basic amenity”
synonyms: facility, service, convenience, resource, utility, system, appliance, aid, advantage

52
Q

Deter

A

discourage (someone) from doing something by instilling doubt or fear of the consequences.
“only a health problem would deter him from seeking re-election”
synonyms: put off, discourage, dissuade, scare off, warn, caution, dishearten, demoralize, daunt

53
Q

Derelict

A

in a very poor condition as a result of disuse and neglect.
“the cities were derelict and dying”
synonyms: disused, abandoned, deserted, discarded, rejected, forsaken, cast off, relinquished, ownerless

54
Q

Rallied

A

(of troops) come together again in order to continue fighting after a defeat or dispersion.
“De Montfort’s troops rallied and drove back the king’s infantry”
synonyms: reassemble, regroup, re-form, reunite, gather together again, get together again, round up

55
Q

Motif

A

a decorative design or pattern.
“T-shirts featuring spiral motifs”
synonyms: design, pattern, decoration, figure, shape, logo, monogram, device, emblem

56
Q

Constable

A

a peace officer with limited policing authority, typically in a small town.

57
Q

Revival

A

an improvement in the condition or strength of something.
“a revival in the fortunes of the party”
synonyms: improvement, rallying, picking up, betterment, amelioration, turn for the better, advance, rally, upturn

58
Q

Pastime

A

an activity that someone does regularly for enjoyment rather than work; a hobby.
“his favorite pastimes were shooting and golf”
synonyms: bug, thing

59
Q

Fistful

A

as much as a person can hold in their clenched hand.

“the man took a fistful of cash from the drawer”

60
Q

Exonerated

A

(especially of an official body) absolve (someone) from blame for a fault or wrongdoing, especially after due consideration of the case.
“they should exonerate these men from this crime”
synonyms: exculpate

release someone from (a duty or obligation).
“Pope Clement V exonerated the king from his oath to the barons”
synonyms: dispense

61
Q

Defector

A

a person who has abandoned their country or cause in favor of an opposing one.
“staff interviewed escapees and defectors to the West”
synonyms: rat

62
Q

Justified

A

having, done for, or marked by a good or legitimate reason.

“the doctors were justified in treating her”

63
Q

Preceding

A

coming before something in order, position, or time.
“the preceding pages”
synonyms: anterior, prevenient, precedent, precursive, supra

64
Q

Bygone

A

belonging to an earlier time.
“relics of a bygone society”
synonyms: forepassed

65
Q

Emerging

A

becoming apparent or prominent.

“established and emerging artists”

66
Q

Incline

A

feel willing or favorably disposed toward (an action, belief, or attitude).
“he was inclined to accept the offer”
synonyms: disposed, minded, of a mind, willing, ready, prepared, predisposed

67
Q

Seldom

A

not often; rarely.
“Islay is seldom visited by tourists”
synonyms: once in a blue moon

68
Q

Brass

A

a yellow alloy of copper and zinc.

“a brass plate on the door”

69
Q

Spherical

A

shaped like a sphere.
“spherical pearls”
synonyms: globate, globose, globoid, orbicular, orbiculate

70
Q

Rectangular

A

denoting or shaped like a rectangle.

“a neat rectangular area”

71
Q

Spiral

A

winding in a continuous and gradually widening (or tightening) curve, either around a central point on a flat plane or about an axis so as to form a cone.
“a spiral pattern”

72
Q

Wobbly

A

tending to move unsteadily from side to side.
“the car had a wobbly wheel”
synonyms: unsteady, unstable, shaky, rocky, rickety, flimsy, frail, spindly, unsafe

73
Q

Ripped

A

(of clothes or fabric) badly torn.

“a pair of faded, ripped jeans”

74
Q

Snapped

A

break or cause to break suddenly and completely, typically with a sharp cracking sound.
“guitar strings kept snapping”
synonyms: break, break in/into two, fracture, splinter, separate, come apart, part, split, crack

75
Q

Jammed

A

squeeze or pack tightly into a specified space.
“four of us were jammed in one compartment”
synonyms: crowd, pack, pile, press, squeeze, cram, throng, occupy, fill

76
Q

Hurdle

A

one of a series of upright frames over which athletes in a race must jump.
“a hurdle race”

77
Q

Invigorate

A

give strength or energy to.
“the shower had invigorated her”
synonyms: revitalizing, energizing, refreshing, reviving, vivifying, bracing, rejuvenating, enlivening, restorative

78
Q

Oppressive

A

unjustly inflicting hardship and constraint, especially on a minority or other subordinate group.
“an oppressive dictatorship”
synonyms: harsh, cruel, brutal, repressive, crushing, tyrannical, tyrannous, iron-fisted, domineering

79
Q

Incident

A

an event or occurrence.
“several amusing incidents”
synonyms: event, occurrence, occasion, episode, experience, happening, proceeding, eventuality, affair

80
Q

Humbling

A

lower (someone) in dignity or importance.
“I knew he had humbled himself to ask for my help”
synonyms: humiliate, abase, demean, belittle, lower, degrade, debase, bring down, bring low

81
Q

Digressing

A

leave the main subject temporarily in speech or writing.
“I have digressed a little from my original plan”
synonyms: divagate

82
Q

Rustic

A

relating to the countryside; rural

83
Q

Idyll

A

an extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque episode or scene, typically an idealized or unsustainable one.
“the rural idyll remains strongly evocative in most industrialized societies”
synonyms: perfect time, ideal time, wonderful time, moment of bliss, honeymoon, paradise, heaven, heaven on earth, utopia

84
Q

Rigid

A

unable to bend or be forced out of shape; not flexible.
“a seat of rigid orange plastic”
synonyms: stiff, hard, firm, inflexible, nonflexible, unbending, unyielding, inelastic, taut

85
Q

Hail

A

pellets of frozen rain which fall in showers from cumulonimbus clouds.
“rain and hail bounced on the tiled roof”
synonyms: frozen rain, hailstones, sleet, precipitation, hailstorm, hail shower

86
Q

Vaguely

A

in a way that is uncertain, indefinite or unclear; roughly.
“he vaguely remembered talking to her once”
synonyms: pretty mucus

87
Q

Vividly

A

in a way that produces powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind.
“Margaret remembers vividly the day she received the grim news”

88
Q

Intuition

A

the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning.
“we shall allow our intuition to guide us”
synonyms: instinct, intuitiveness, sixth sense, divination, clairvoyance, second sight, ESP (extrasensory perception)

89
Q

Abbreviation

A

a shortened form of a word or phrase.
“SKU is the abbreviation for Stock Keeping Unit”
synonyms: shortened form, short form, contraction, elision, acronym, initialism, symbol, diminutive

90
Q

Accuse

A

charge (someone) with an offense or crime.
“he was accused of murdering his wife’s lover”
synonyms: inculpate

91
Q

Adequate

A

satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.
“this office is perfectly adequate for my needs”
synonyms: up to scratch

92
Q

Admiration

A

respect and warm approval.
“their admiration for each other was genuine”
synonyms: laudation

93
Q

Afford

A

have enough money to pay for.
“the best that I could afford was a first-floor room”
synonyms: pay for, bear/meet the expense of, spare the price of, have the money for, be rich enough for, have the wherewithal for, run to, stretch to, manage

94
Q

Aggression

A

hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront.
“his chin was jutting with aggression”
synonyms: hostility, aggressiveness, belligerence, bellicosity, antagonism, truculence, pugnacity, pugnaciousness, combativeness

95
Q

Arrogance

A

the quality of being arrogant.
“the arrogance of this man is astounding”
synonyms: haughtiness, conceit, hubris, self-importance, egotism, sense of superiority, pomposity, high-handedness, swagger

96
Q

Bruised

A

(of a person or body part) having a bruise or bruises.

“a bruised knee”

97
Q

Collide

A

hit with force when moving.
“she collided with someone”
synonyms: crash (into), come into collision (with), bang (into), slam (into), impact (with), hit, strike, run into, meet head-on

98
Q

Commentator

A

a person who comments on events or on a text.
“commentators noted that the demonstration was part of a wider strategy”
synonyms: scholiast

99
Q

Defendant

A

an individual, company, or institution sued or accused in a court of law.
“the defendant tried to claim that it was self-defense”
synonyms: accused, prisoner at the bar, appellant, litigant, respondent, suspect, suspected person

100
Q

Detest

A

dislike intensely.
“of all birds the carrion crow is the most detested by gamekeepers”
synonyms: abhor, hate, loathe, despise, abominate, execrate, regard with disgust, feel disgust for, feel repugnance toward

101
Q

Gist

A

the substance or essence of a speech or text.
“she noted the gist of each message”
synonyms: nitty-gritty

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