TIMELINE - PT 1 Flashcards
(19 cards)
Q: VIKING INVASION
400 - Anglo Saxons arrive
‼️ 750 - Vikings arrive in Britain
793 - Vikings attacked monastery and LINDISFARNE
850 - Vikings settled in Britain
870 - Vikings conquered Northumbria etc.
871 - Alfred becomes King
‼️ 878 - BATTLE of EDINGTON - Alfred + Guthrum established DANELAW
927 - King Athelstan reconquers Northumbria, and becomes the first king of England
PEACE under King Edgar
VIKINGS RETURN
‼️ 991 - Battle of Maldon - Aethelred pays vikings to leave ( DANEGELD )
Athelred makes deal w Duke of Normandy to stop Viks form using Norm as a base for raids
‼️ 1002 - ST BRICE’S DAY MASSACRE - FB sister killed
1013 - FB conquered England
1014 - Cnut becomes King - overthrown by Aethelred
1016 - Aethelred dies - replaced by son Edmund who is defeated by Cnut who marries Aethelred’s widow Emma of Normandy
1035 - Cnut dies —> Harthcnut replaces him
1042 - replaced by Edward the Confessor - more popular with citizens
NORMANS
- JAN 1066: Edward the Confessor dies; no heir!
- 3 candidates for throne: Harold Hardrada (Viking), Earl of Wessex (Aethelred’s favourite), William Duke of Normandy.
- ‼️ 1066: William invades England, BATTLE OF HASTINGS → becomes first Norman King of England (Christmas Day).
- After Conquest:
- Anglo-Saxon rebellions (e.g., 1069: THE HARRYING OF THE NORTH).
- Land divided among Norman barons, 500 castles built.
- French becomes official language, Norman customs introduced.
- 1086: DOMESDAY BOOK records land ownership.
ANGEVIN EMPIRE
- ‼️ 1154: HENRY II becomes king, inherits Normandy
(mother) and Anjou (father); marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
* 1166: Henry II sends STRONGBOW to support King Dermot of Leinster (Ireland).
* 1171: English nobles seize land in Ireland, Henry visits and is recognised as Overlord.
* 1189: Henry II dies, succeeded by RICHARD I (Lionheart).
* 1199: Richard dies, JOHN becomes king.
* 1204: PHILIP II OF FRANCE invades and takes Anjou and Normandy.
- ‼️ 1215: MAGNA CARTA signed by John after baronial rebellion.
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
- j ‼️ 1327: EDWARD III claims French throne, declares war.
- Causes:
- Threat to GASCONY (English land in France).
- Cloth trade in FLANDERS.
- French support for Scots against England.
- Edward III’s FRENCH ANCESTRY.
- ‼️ 1337-60: Early victories for England (e.g., BATTLE OF CRECY, BATTLE OF POITIERS).
- ‼️ 1415: BATTLE OF AGINCOURT: English defeat French.
- 1453: England loses all French land except CALAIS.
- Impact:
- English replaces French as official language.
- England sees itself as separate from Europe.
- Archers and gunpowder change warfare.
ALFRED THE GREAT
- 878 – BATTLE OF EDINGTON – Defeated VIKINGS led by GUTHRUM; led to TREATY OF WEDMORE and Christian conversion.
- Created the DANELAW – Let Vikings settle in the north/east under their own laws, defining cultural boundaries.
-Built BURHS (fortified towns) and a NAVY – Strengthened defence and united ANGLO-SAXON England.
- Promoted EDUCATION and ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS – Spread learning and common culture.
-Called himself KING OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS – First real move towards an ENGLISH NATIONAL IDENTITY.
CNUT (CANUTE)
Became King of England (1014)
- Unified England, Denmark, and Norway, reinforcing Viking influence and control over England.
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
- Brought in the FEUDAL SYSTEM – Gave land to NORMAN BARONS for loyalty; built CASTLES to control England.
- 1069–70 – HARRYING OF THE NORTH – Destroyed villages to crush rebellion and secure power.
- 1086 – DOMESDAY BOOK – Survey of land and wealth to improve TAXATION and CONTROL.
- Introduced NORMAN FRENCH – Blended with Old English to shape the MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
- Introduced Norman rule, changing language, culture, and legal systems, shaping England’s identity.
HENRY II
Willl the conq—> Henry I —> Matilda + Geo —-> Henry II
Establish ANGEVIAN EMPIRE - 1154 - after civil war between Matilda and Stephen
- Inherited NORMANDY from his mother Matilda and ANJOU from his father, GEOFFREY OF ANJOU –
- Married ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE in 1152, gaining the large and wealthy AQUITAINE region in the south of France - stretched till Spain
- Expanded power by gaining BRITTANY through marriage of his son; controlled land from SCOTLAND to SOUTHERN FRANCE – more than the French king.
- created conflict cause Louis VII felt threatened and supported HII’s sons in rebellion 1173
- Invaded IRELAND in 1171 after English barons had taken land; declared OVERLORDSHIP over English settlers and Irish leaders eg. STRONGBOW, starting centuries of English control.
RICHARD I (LIONHEART)
Reinforced England’s power and expanded influence in Crusades, shaping England’s international role.
KING JOHN
- Became KING OF ENGLAND in 1199 after the death of his brother, RICHARD THE LIONHEART.
- Lost most of England’s land in FRANCE, including NORMANDY in 1204, to KING PHILIP II OF FRANCE, weakening England’s power in Europe.
- Clashed with the POPE in the INTERDICT CRISIS (1208–1213) after refusing the Pope’s choice for Archbishop of Canterbury, leading to England being excommunicated.
- Imposed HEAVY TAXES on barons to fund his wars, causing widespread anger and rebellion among the NOBILITY.
- Was forced to sign the MAGNA CARTA in 1215, a document limiting royal power and protecting barons’ rights – seen as a key step toward PARLIAMENT and DEMOCRACY in England.
KEY DATES
‼️ 878 - BATTLE OF EDINGTON
- Alfred defeats Vikings, establishing DANELAW
- Strengthened England’s national identity and governance, reducin
878: Battle of Edington
Alfred the Great defeats Viking leader Guthrum, leading to the establishment of the Danelaw, a Viking-controlled territory in the northeast of England.
This battle marked the beginning of the end for Viking invasions and a shift toward a unified Anglo-Saxon England.
991: Battle of Maldon
The Anglo-Saxons under Earl Byrhtnoth were defeated by Viking forces.
After the battle, Aethelred the Unready paid the Vikings the Danegeld (tribute) to avoid further raids, a costly payment that weakened England economically.
1002: St. Brice’s Day Massacre
Aethelred the Unready, under pressure from Viking raids and unrest, ordered the massacre of all Danish people living in England, including women and children.
This brutal act likely provoked further Viking attacks, particularly from the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard, and contributed to the eventual Viking conquest of England.
1066: Battle of Hastings
- William the Conqueror, using archers, cavalry, and infantry, defeated King Harold II’s forces, leading to the Norman conquest of England.
- William became the first Norman king, drastically changing England’s political and social structure.
- The Feudal System was introduced, and 500 castles were built to control the population.
1337-1360: Battles of Crecy & Poitiers
- England’s archers played a decisive role in these battles, using longbows to defeat superior French cavalry.
- At Crecy (1346), English forces of 10,000 men defeated a French army of 30,000, a significant victory for Edward III’s campaign to claim the French throne.
1415: Battle of Agincourt
- English forces of about 6,000 defeated a French army of 20,000-30,000 using longbows and muddy terrain to neutralize the French heavy cavalry.
- This battle marked the height of English power in the Hundred Years’ War, despite the numerical disadvantage.
IMPACTS of pt 1
Economic Impact
- Danelaw created new trade routes and boosted the economy in Viking-controlled territories.
- Danegeld payments weakened England’s economy but kept further Viking invasions at bay.
- Domesday Book helped William tax effectively, promoting land redistribution and the feudal economy.
War Impact
- Battle of Hastings led to Norman rule and reshaped England’s political structure.
- Crecy and Poitiers showcased the power of longbowmen, weakening cavalry dominance.
- Agincourt demonstrated the effectiveness of English archers, altering military tactics in future conflicts.
Government Impact
- Feudal system established by William restructured land ownership and gave the king greater control over nobles.
- Magna Carta (1215) introduced the idea of limited government, where even the king had to follow the law.
