TIMELINE Pt. 2 Flashcards
(9 cards)
Why did Tudor and Stuart explorers look west?
1492 – COLUMBUS discovers the Americas, inspiring European powers to seek land, gold, and trade routes.
1560s – ENGLISH PRIVATEERS begin raiding SPANISH SHIPS for gold and silver ❗️
1570s–1580s – FRANCIS DRAKE and others seek the NORTHWEST PASSAGE to ASIA.
1584 – RICHARD GRENVILLE attempts to settle ROANOKE (North Carolina) – first failed English colony.
1607 – JAMESTOWN founded in VIRGINIA as the first PERMANENT ENGLISH COLONY, driven by profit from TOBACCO 🌿
1620 – MAYFLOWER lands in MASSACHUSETTS, establishing a PURITAN colony seeking RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.
What was the impact of piracy and plantations?
1560s–1600s – PIRATES like DRAKE and HAWKINS attack SPANISH COLONIES and slave ships for gold, boosting British wealth ❗️
1610s – TOBACCO becomes key CASH CROP in VIRGINIA – plantation economy begins.
1649–1653 – CROMWELL invades IRELAND; land given to PROTESTANT SETTLERS – link between PLANTATIONS and CONQUEST.
1655 – BRITAIN captures JAMAICA from SPAIN – becomes key base for PIRACY and SUGAR PLANTATIONS.
1680s – SLAVES brought to CARIBBEAN to work plantations – huge profits for BRITAIN 💰
What was the significance of the slave trade?
1660 – ROYAL AFRICAN COMPANY founded – monopoly over BRITAIN’S SLAVE TRADE.
1700–1807 – Over 3.4 MILLION AFRICANS enslaved by BRITAIN ❗️
1700s – TRIANGULAR TRADE develops:
- GOODS from BRITAIN ➡️ AFRICA
- SLAVES ➡️ AMERICAS
- SUGAR & TOBACCO ➡️ BRITAIN
1750s–1800s – LIVERPOOL, BRISTOL, and GLASGOW become rich from slavery – e.g. LIVERPOOL controlled over 40% of Britain’s slave voyages.
1807 – SLAVE TRADE ABOLISHED in British Empire; SLAVERY ITSELF abolished in 1833.
What were the causes of loss of British colonies in America?
1756–1763 – SEVEN YEARS’ WAR ends with BRITAIN controlling CANADA and land EAST of the MISSISSIPPI.
1765 – STAMP ACT angers AMERICAN COLONISTS – “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”.
1773 – BOSTON TEA PARTY protests British taxes ❗️
1775 – WAR OF INDEPENDENCE begins.
1776 – DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE by 13 COLONIES.
1783 – TREATY OF PARIS: BRITAIN officially loses AMERICAN COLONIES – major blow to EMPIRE.
What were the effects of losing colonies in America?
1780s – BRITAIN focuses more on building EMPIRE in ASIA, AUSTRALIA, and AFRICA.
1788 – First fleet arrives in AUSTRALIA with 736 convicts – penal colony replaces loss of America.
1790s–1800s – CANADA and INDIA become key imperial focus.
❗️Loss of colonies leads to rise of ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT, questioning empire built on slavery.
1800s – BRITAIN begins to present empire as “CIVILISING MISSION”.
What was the impact of the Huguenots?
1685 – EDICT OF NANTES REVOKED by KING LOUIS XIV of FRANCE – PROTESTANTS (HUGUENOTS) persecuted.
1680s–1700s – Around 50,000 HUGUENOTS flee to BRITAIN ❗️
Settle in LONDON, CANTERBURY, NORWICH – skilled in TEXTILES, SILK-WEAVING, and CLOCKMAKING.
Helped boost BRITISH ECONOMY and INDUSTRY, especially in EAST LONDON (e.g. SPITALFIELDS).
Seen as valuable workers and quickly integrated into society.
What were the details of the Ulster plantations?
1609 – ULSTER PLANTATION begins under JAMES I – colonisation of NORTHERN IRELAND with ENGLISH & SCOTTISH PROTESTANTS.
Over 500,000 ACRES of land taken from GAELIC IRISH chieftains.
Settlers establish fortified towns – e.g. DERRY renamed LONDONDERRY.
Leads to long-term religious conflict between CATHOLICS and PROTESTANTS ❗️
Irish displaced, and land ownership transformed – roots of modern NORTHERN IRELAND tensions.
What were the Highland Clearances?
1760s–1820s – HIGHLAND CLEARANCES: Thousands of SCOTTISH HIGHLANDERS evicted to make room for SHEEP FARMING 🐑
1780s–1820s – Over 100,000 PEOPLE displaced from traditional clan lands.
Many forced to migrate to LOWLANDS, GLASGOW, or emigrate to CANADA and the USA.
Some areas see entire villages burnt – brutally enforced evictions ❗️
Major cultural loss: decline of GAELIC LANGUAGE and CLAN SYSTEM.
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