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A&P 231 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Merocrine (eccrine)

A

Type of secretion where cell uses vesicles, by exocytosis

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2
Q

Holocrine

A

Type of secretion where cell disintegrates after the accumulation of a product

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3
Q

Appocrine

A

secreting by exocytosis, but much larger vesicles than merocrine

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4
Q

Serous gland type of secretion

A

Thin watery fluids

Sweat tears milk

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5
Q

Mucous gland type of secretion

A

Secrete mucin + h2o = sticky mucus

Goblet mouth tongue

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6
Q

Mixed type of secretion

A

Both serous and mucous

Salivary

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7
Q

Cytogenic

A

Type of secretion where cells release whole cells

Testes and ovaries

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8
Q

Endocrine type of gland

A

No contact with surface, no duct. Secrete into blood vessel. Hormones (Chem messengers)
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal

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9
Q

Combined exo and endo glands

A

Into duct and blood

Liver, kidney

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10
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Consist of epidermis (simple squamous) and dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)

Relatively dry
Protects from dehydration and infections

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11
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines some joints
Consist of connective tissue only

Span the gap btw bones
Secretes slippery synovial fluid

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12
Q

What does mucous membrane consist of?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. Areolar conn tissue (lamina propria)
  3. A layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)
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13
Q

Where mucous membrane is located?

A

Lines passages that open to the exterior environment (digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts)

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14
Q

Where serous membranes?

A

Line the inside of the body cavities

Form a smooth OUTER surface of some viscera

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15
Q

Mesothelium

A

Epithelial component of pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum

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16
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines circulatory system

Derived from mesoderm

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17
Q

Tunica interna

A

Membrane of blood vessels and endocardium of the heart

Consist of:

  1. Endothelium
  2. Thin Areolar layer
  3. Elastic sheet
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18
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Tissue growth through cell multiplication

Embryonic and childhood

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19
Q

Hypertrophy

A

The enlargement of peer costing cells

Skeletal muscle or adipose tissue

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20
Q

Neoplasia

A

Development of a tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue

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21
Q

Differentiation

A

The development of more specialized form and function

Mesenchyme to muscle

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22
Q

Metaplasia

A

A change from one type of mature tissue to another

Vagina, nasal cavity, smokers bronchi

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23
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

Diversity of mature cell types to which stem cells can give rise

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24
Q

Totipotency

A

Embryonic stem cell that have unlimited developmental plasticity

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25
Q

Blastocyst stage

A

4 days after fertilization:
Outer cell mass - placenta and such

Inner cell mass - pluripotent

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26
Q

Pluripotent

A

Embryonic stem cells that can develop into anything in embryo, but not into accessories of pregnancy

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27
Q

Functions of adult stem cells

A

Replace old and dead
Contribute to growth
Repair damaged tissue

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28
Q

Multipotent

A

Of adult stem cells: can differentiate into 2 or more diff cell lines, but not just any type of body cell

Bone marrow

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29
Q

Unipotent

A

Of adult stem cells - most limited plasticity

Cells that give rise to sperm, egg, keratinocytes

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30
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacement of dead cells by the same types of cells as before. Restores normal function to the organ

Skin, liver

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31
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts.

Helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function.

Muscle, lung, severe wound

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32
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number

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33
Q

Senile atrophy

A

Normal aging

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34
Q

Disuse atrophy

A

Lack of use of an organ

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35
Q

Necrosis

A

Premature pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections

36
Q

Infarction

A

Sudden death of tissue that occurs when its blood supply is cut off

37
Q

Gangrene

A

Any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection

38
Q

Decubitus ulcer

A

Bed sore, pressure sore

Type of dry gangrene

39
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Bacteria of the genus Clostridium

Contamination with soil

40
Q

Blebbing

A

Bubbling of plasma membrane in cells dying by necrosis
Rupture
Inflammatory response
Macrophages

41
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Shrink - phagocytized
Protein Fas of absence of growth factors

42
Q

Endonuclease

A

Chops up DNA

43
Q

Protease

A

Destroys cellular proteins

44
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Produce matrix (ground substance + fibers

45
Q

Macrophages

A

Arise from WBC

Large phagocytize cells engulf and destroy bacteria, sense antigens, activate the immune system

46
Q

Neutrophils

A

Type of leucocytes that attack bacteria

47
Q

Lymphocytes

A

React agains bacteria

48
Q

Plasma cells

A

Synthesis of antibodies

49
Q

Mast cells

A

Secrete : heparin (inhibits blood clotting)

Histamine (increase blood flow by dilating)

50
Q

Fibrocyte

A

A mature older fibroblast

51
Q

Collagenous fiber

A

“white”
Tough, flexible, resist stretching
25%

52
Q

Reticular fiber

A

Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins

Spongelike network in spleen and lymph nodes)

53
Q

Elastic fiber

A

Thin, branches, coils, stretchy
“yellow”

Skin, arteries, lungs spring back

54
Q

Simple squamous functions

A

Allow rapid diffusion

Secretes lubricating serous fluid

55
Q

Simple squamous location

A
  • Inner lining (endothelium) of heart and blood vessels
  • serous membranes
  • surface mesothelium in pleura
  • pericardium, peritoneum, mesenteries
  • air sacs (alveoli) in lungs
56
Q

Simple cuboidal functions

A

Absorption
Secretion
Production of mucus
Movement of respiratory mucus

57
Q

Simple cuboidal location

A

Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other glands
Most kidney tubules
Bronchioles

58
Q

Simple columnar ciliated

A

Propels mucus or reproductive cells

Small bronchi, uterine tubes
Some regions of uterus

59
Q

Simple columnar non-ciliated

A

Absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes

Digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory duct of some glands

60
Q

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

A

Trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

Propels mucus (smokers)

61
Q

Pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated

A

Secretion

Male sperm carrying duct
Ducts of the large glands

62
Q

Stratified squamous keratinized

A

Protection

Basal cells can be cuboidal or columnar

Epidermis

63
Q

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

A

Protection

Tongue, oral mucosa
Esophagus, vagina

64
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Secretion
Sweat gland ducts, egg producing vesicles of ovaries, sperm producing duct of testes
Mammary and salivary

65
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Rare, protection, secretion

Small amount in male urethra
Large ducts of some glands

66
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Distended or empty

Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract

Part of kidney, ureter, urethra, bladder.
Umbilical cord

67
Q

areolar “proper” loose connective tissue

A

Wraps and cushions organs

surrounds blood vessels and nerves
part of lamina propria

68
Q

reticular loose connective tissue

A

mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblast

usually dark stained
suspension of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.

69
Q

Elastic connective tissue (loose)

A

wavy collagen + branching elastic fibers

vocal cords, ligaments of penis
pumps in large in medium arteries

70
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

few blood vessels

tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)

71
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

resistant to unpredictable stresses

Dermis of skin
capsules around viscera

72
Q

adipose tissue

A

white and brown fat (no ATP mitochondria)

subcutaneous fat beneath skin
protective cushion for some organs

73
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

glassy
usually covered by perichondrium

ends of bones
fetal skeleton
boxlike enclosure of larynx
the growth zone of long bones in kids

74
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

always covered by perichondrium
mesh amid lacunae

external ear
epiglottis

75
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

parallel collagen fibers and rows of chondrocytes
never has a perichondrium

intervertebral discs
menisci

resists compression and absorbs shock

76
Q

Bone

A

osseous tissue
can be spongy and compact

the bone as a whole covered by tough fibrous periostenum

77
Q

bone matrix

A

concentric lamellae of osteon

78
Q

canaliculi

A

osteocytes contact each other

79
Q

Haversian canal

A

central or osteonic - blood vessels and nerves

80
Q

osteoblast

A

lacunae and osteocytes

81
Q

blood

A

fluid connective tissue, more ground substance (blood plasma) than cells (formed elements)

82
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC most abundant, no nuclei

83
Q

platelets

A

blood cell fragments, involve in clotting, secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance

84
Q

concentric lamellae

A

arrangment of lacunae in circles around the central canal

85
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

the remnants of circumferential lamellae that have been broken down

A&P 231 (9 decks)

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