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A&P 231 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Merocrine (eccrine)

A

Type of secretion where cell uses vesicles, by exocytosis

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2
Q

Holocrine

A

Type of secretion where cell disintegrates after the accumulation of a product

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3
Q

Appocrine

A

secreting by exocytosis, but much larger vesicles than merocrine

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4
Q

Serous gland type of secretion

A

Thin watery fluids

Sweat tears milk

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5
Q

Mucous gland type of secretion

A

Secrete mucin + h2o = sticky mucus

Goblet mouth tongue

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6
Q

Mixed type of secretion

A

Both serous and mucous

Salivary

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7
Q

Cytogenic

A

Type of secretion where cells release whole cells

Testes and ovaries

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8
Q

Endocrine type of gland

A

No contact with surface, no duct. Secrete into blood vessel. Hormones (Chem messengers)
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal

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9
Q

Combined exo and endo glands

A

Into duct and blood

Liver, kidney

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10
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Consist of epidermis (simple squamous) and dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)

Relatively dry
Protects from dehydration and infections

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11
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines some joints
Consist of connective tissue only

Span the gap btw bones
Secretes slippery synovial fluid

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12
Q

What does mucous membrane consist of?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. Areolar conn tissue (lamina propria)
  3. A layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)
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13
Q

Where mucous membrane is located?

A

Lines passages that open to the exterior environment (digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts)

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14
Q

Where serous membranes?

A

Line the inside of the body cavities

Form a smooth OUTER surface of some viscera

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15
Q

Mesothelium

A

Epithelial component of pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum

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16
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines circulatory system

Derived from mesoderm

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17
Q

Tunica interna

A

Membrane of blood vessels and endocardium of the heart

Consist of:

  1. Endothelium
  2. Thin Areolar layer
  3. Elastic sheet
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18
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Tissue growth through cell multiplication

Embryonic and childhood

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19
Q

Hypertrophy

A

The enlargement of peer costing cells

Skeletal muscle or adipose tissue

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20
Q

Neoplasia

A

Development of a tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue

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21
Q

Differentiation

A

The development of more specialized form and function

Mesenchyme to muscle

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22
Q

Metaplasia

A

A change from one type of mature tissue to another

Vagina, nasal cavity, smokers bronchi

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23
Q

Developmental plasticity

A

Diversity of mature cell types to which stem cells can give rise

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24
Q

Totipotency

A

Embryonic stem cell that have unlimited developmental plasticity

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25
Blastocyst stage
4 days after fertilization: Outer cell mass - placenta and such Inner cell mass - pluripotent
26
Pluripotent
Embryonic stem cells that can develop into anything in embryo, but not into accessories of pregnancy
27
Functions of adult stem cells
Replace old and dead Contribute to growth Repair damaged tissue
28
Multipotent
Of adult stem cells: can differentiate into 2 or more diff cell lines, but not just any type of body cell Bone marrow
29
Unipotent
Of adult stem cells - most limited plasticity Cells that give rise to sperm, egg, keratinocytes
30
Regeneration
Replacement of dead cells by the same types of cells as before. Restores normal function to the organ Skin, liver
31
Fibrosis
Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function. Muscle, lung, severe wound
32
Atrophy
Shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number
33
Senile atrophy
Normal aging
34
Disuse atrophy
Lack of use of an organ
35
Necrosis
Premature pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections
36
Infarction
Sudden death of tissue that occurs when its blood supply is cut off
37
Gangrene
Any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply, usually involving infection
38
Decubitus ulcer
Bed sore, pressure sore | Type of dry gangrene
39
Gas gangrene
Bacteria of the genus Clostridium | Contamination with soil
40
Blebbing
Bubbling of plasma membrane in cells dying by necrosis Rupture Inflammatory response Macrophages
41
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death Shrink - phagocytized Protein Fas of absence of growth factors
42
Endonuclease
Chops up DNA
43
Protease
Destroys cellular proteins
44
Fibroblasts
Produce matrix (ground substance + fibers
45
Macrophages
Arise from WBC | Large phagocytize cells engulf and destroy bacteria, sense antigens, activate the immune system
46
Neutrophils
Type of leucocytes that attack bacteria
47
Lymphocytes
React agains bacteria
48
Plasma cells
Synthesis of antibodies
49
Mast cells
Secrete : heparin (inhibits blood clotting) | Histamine (increase blood flow by dilating)
50
Fibrocyte
A mature older fibroblast
51
Collagenous fiber
"white" Tough, flexible, resist stretching 25%
52
Reticular fiber
Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins | Spongelike network in spleen and lymph nodes)
53
Elastic fiber
Thin, branches, coils, stretchy "yellow" Skin, arteries, lungs spring back
54
Simple squamous functions
Allow rapid diffusion | Secretes lubricating serous fluid
55
Simple squamous location
- Inner lining (endothelium) of heart and blood vessels - serous membranes - surface mesothelium in pleura - pericardium, peritoneum, mesenteries - air sacs (alveoli) in lungs
56
Simple cuboidal functions
Absorption Secretion Production of mucus Movement of respiratory mucus
57
Simple cuboidal location
Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other glands Most kidney tubules Bronchioles
58
Simple columnar ciliated
Propels mucus or reproductive cells Small bronchi, uterine tubes Some regions of uterus
59
Simple columnar non-ciliated
Absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes Digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory duct of some glands
60
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract Propels mucus (smokers)
61
Pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated
Secretion Male sperm carrying duct Ducts of the large glands
62
Stratified squamous keratinized
Protection Basal cells can be cuboidal or columnar Epidermis
63
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized
Protection Tongue, oral mucosa Esophagus, vagina
64
Stratified cuboidal
Secretion Sweat gland ducts, egg producing vesicles of ovaries, sperm producing duct of testes Mammary and salivary
65
Stratified columnar
Rare, protection, secretion Small amount in male urethra Large ducts of some glands
66
Transitional epithelium
Distended or empty Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract Part of kidney, ureter, urethra, bladder. Umbilical cord
67
areolar "proper" loose connective tissue
Wraps and cushions organs surrounds blood vessels and nerves part of lamina propria
68
reticular loose connective tissue
mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblast usually dark stained suspension of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.
69
Elastic connective tissue (loose)
wavy collagen + branching elastic fibers vocal cords, ligaments of penis pumps in large in medium arteries
70
Dense regular connective tissue
few blood vessels | tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)
71
Dense irregular connective tissue
resistant to unpredictable stresses Dermis of skin capsules around viscera
72
adipose tissue
white and brown fat (no ATP mitochondria) subcutaneous fat beneath skin protective cushion for some organs
73
Hyaline cartilage
glassy usually covered by perichondrium ends of bones fetal skeleton boxlike enclosure of larynx the growth zone of long bones in kids
74
Elastic cartilage
always covered by perichondrium mesh amid lacunae external ear epiglottis
75
Fibrocartilage
parallel collagen fibers and rows of chondrocytes never has a perichondrium intervertebral discs menisci resists compression and absorbs shock
76
Bone
osseous tissue can be spongy and compact the bone as a whole covered by tough fibrous periostenum
77
bone matrix
concentric lamellae of osteon
78
canaliculi
osteocytes contact each other
79
Haversian canal
central or osteonic - blood vessels and nerves
80
osteoblast
lacunae and osteocytes
81
blood
fluid connective tissue, more ground substance (blood plasma) than cells (formed elements)
82
erythrocytes
RBC most abundant, no nuclei
83
platelets
blood cell fragments, involve in clotting, secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance
84
concentric lamellae
arrangment of lacunae in circles around the central canal
85
interstitial lamellae
the remnants of circumferential lamellae that have been broken down

A&P 231 (9 decks)

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