TISSUES AND CELLS Flashcards by ALLYSA MARIE SABILLO

In ____, ______ and ______ independently hypothesized that all plant and animal tissues are composed of cells.

1832 ; MATTHIAS JAKOB SCHLEIDEN (1804-1881) & THEODOR SCHWANN (1810 - 1882)

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It is enclosed by small membranes and is eukaryotic, each with a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus surrounded by a cytoplasm, fluid containing a system of membranous organelles, nonmembranous molecular assembles, and a cytoskeleton.

Animal Cells

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The first zygotic cellular divisions produce cells called ______ which gives rise to all tissue types of the fetus.

blastomeres

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Most cells of the fetus undergo a specialization process called

Cell differentiation.

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What contains the plasma membrane that envelopes every eukaryotic cell?

it consists of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins with oligosaccharide chains covalently linked to many of the phospholipids and proteins.

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This membrane functions as a selective barrier regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell and facilitates the transport of specific molecules.

Plasma membrane

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What cells are specialized for movements?

Muscle and other contractile cells.

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What cells are specialized for forming adhesive and tight junctions between cells?

Epithelial cells

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What cells are specialized for synthesizing and secreting components of the extracellular matrix?

Fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage

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What cells are specialized for converting physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials?

Neurons and sensory cells

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What cells are specialized for the synthesis and secretions of degradative enzymes?

Cells of digestive glands

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What cells are specialized for the synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins?

cells of mucous glands

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What cells are specialized for the synthesis and secretions of steroids?

certain cells of the adrenal gland, testis and ovary

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What cells are specialized for ion transport?

cells of the kidney and salivary gland ducts

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What cells are specialized for intracellular digestion?

macrophages and neutrophils

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What cells are specialized for lipid storage?

fat cells

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What cells are specialized for metabolite absorption?

cells lining the intestine

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What plasma membrane is linked to both the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix components which allows a continuous exchange of influences?

Integrins

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(T/F) Plasma Membrane ranges from 7.5 - 10 nm in thickness only visible in electron microscope.

True

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A phospholipid is ________, with a phosphate group charge on the polar head and two long, nonpolar fatty acid chains which can be unsaturated and saturated.

Amphiphatic

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It is a site where materials are exchanged between the all and its environment.

Plasma membrane

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It transports small, nonpolar molecules directly through the lipid bilayer.

Diffusion

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What are Channels?

a multipass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ions or small molecules pass selectively.

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What do you call water molecules which usually cross the plasma membrane through channel proteins?

Aquaporins

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These are transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate them across the membrane via conformational changes.

Carriers

Diffusion, Channels, and Carrier proteins operate passively, allowing the movement of a substance across membranes down a concentration gradient due to ________ energy.

Kinetic Energy

These are macromolecules that normally enter cells enclosed within folds of plasma membrane in the process called

Endocytosis

This is the ingestion of particles such as bacteria or dead cell remnants.

Phagocytosis

Also known as "cell-eating"

Phagocytosis

This involves smaller invagination of the cell membrane which fuses and entrap extracellular fluid and its dissolved contents/

Pinocystosis

Also known as "Cell-drinking"

Pinocytosis

The fusion of membranous folds enclosed the bacterium in an intracellular vacuole which merges with a lysosome is called.

phagosome

What is transcytosis?

accomplished bulk transfer of dissolved substances across the cell.

This is a type of communicating junction which couples the cells and allows the exchange of ions and small molecules.

gap junctions

(T/F) Cells in multicellular organism communicate with each other to regulate tissue and organ development to control their growth and division and to coordinate their functions

True

What do cells use to detect and respond to various extracellular molecules and physical properties?

Receptors

What do you call the signal molecules in the endocrine signaling that carries blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body?

Hormones

What do you call the transport mechanism where the movement of substances down a concentration gradient due to kinetic energy; no expenditure of cellular energy is required; continues until equilibrium is reached?

Passive processes

What do you call the transport mechanism with unassisted movement of small, nonpolar substances down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane?

Simple Difussion

What do you call the transport mechanism where the movement of ions and small, polar molecules down their concentration gradient; assisted across a selectively permeable membrane by a transport proteins?

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of ion down its concentration gradient through a protein-channel

Channel-mediated

Movement of small, polar molecules down its concentration gradient by a carrier protein

Carrier-mediated

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

What do you call the transport mechanism where movement of substance requires expenditure of cellular energy?

Active Processes

Bulk movement of substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane

Exocytosis

Bulk movement of substances into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

Endocytosis

Type of endocytosis which vesicles are formed as a particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia. Example: White blood cell engulfing a bacterium

Phagocytosis

Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid taken up by the cell. Example: Formation of small vesicles in capillary wall to move substances

Pinocytosis

Type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substances then taken up by the cell.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Inside the cell membrane, the fluid cytoplasm (or cytosol) bathes metabolically active structures called________

Organelles

Determines the cell's shape and motility

Cytoskeleton

What components are diffused through the cytoplasm, either freely or bound to proteins?

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, electrolytic ions, low molecular weight substrates. metabolites and waste products.

These are macromolecule machines about 20 x 30 nm in size which assemble polypeptides from amino acids on molecules to transfer tRNA in a sequence specified by mRNA.

Ribosomes

What do you called the formed larger complexes during protein synthesis with same strand of mRNA?

Polyribosomes or polysomes

A convulated membranous network contained by most of the cells in the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic reticulum

A major site for vital cellular activites including biosynthesis of proteins and lipids.

Endoplasmic recticulum

It is prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion such as pancreatic acinar cells (making digestive enzymes), fibroblasts (collagen), and plasma cells (immunoglobulins) and proteins to be secreted by exocytosis.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

It consists of saclike and parallel stacks of flattened "cisternae" each limited by membranes that are continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

Round endoplasmic reticulum.

It is made up of regions of RER that lack bound polyribosomes which is continuous with RER but less abundant.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

What type of cisternae does SER have?

More tubular or saclike with interconnected channels of various shapes and sizes rather than stacks of flattened cisternae.

Its enzymes perform synthesis of phospholipids and steroids, major constituents in cellular membranes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

(T/F) SER occupies a large portion of the cytoplasm.

True

Its enzymes allow the detoxification of potentially harmful exogenous molecules such as alcohol, barbiturates, and other harmful drugs.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

This reticulum is responsible for the sequestration and controlled release of Ca2+. This is particularly well developed in striated muscle cells, where the SER has an important role in the contraction process and assumes a specialized form.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

This dynamic organelle completes posttranslational modifications of proteins produced in the RER and then packages and addresses these proteins to their proper destinations.

Golgi Apparatus

Where does the small golgi complexes located?

near the nucleus

This is a small membrane-enclosed carriers where material moves from the RER cisternae to the golgi apparatus.

Transport Vesicles

These are sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components.

Lysosomes

An abundant cytoplasmic and nuclear protein complexes not associated with membrane in sizes of the small ribosomal subunit

Proteasomes

This protein complex functions to degrade denatured or nonfunctional polypeptides.

Proteasomes

They remove proteins no longer needed by the cell and provide an important mechanism for restricting the activity of a specific protein to a certain window of time.

Proteasomes

Deal primarily with free proteins as individual molecules.

Proteasomes

Digest organelles or membranes by autophagy

Lysosomes

This is a process in which the cells use lysosomes to dispose of excess or nonfunctioning organelles or membranes.

Autophagy

It is a membrane enclosed organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of ATP.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria's protein cytochrome activates proteases that degrade all cellular components in a regulated process called _________ which results in rapid cell death

apoptosis

These are spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane and named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide.

Peroxisomes

These spherical oragnelles contains enzymes for various metabollic reactions such as: for oxidation and detoxification and catalase that breaks down H2O.

Peroxisomes

What are the three types of polymers of cytoskeleton?

- Microtubules (25 nm in diameter) - Actin Filaments or Microfilamments (5-7 nm) - Intermediate Filaments (8-10 nm)

What separates the cytoplasm from the nucleoplasm?

Nuclear envelope

What penetrates the nuclear envelope with large assemblies of nucleoporins with eightfold symmetry through which proteins and protein–RNA complexes move in both directions.

Nuclear pore complex

It is the combination of DNA and its associated proteins.

Chromatin

The DNA molecule initially wraps around complexes of basic pro- teins called

histones

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes, but includes enzymes for lipid and glycogen metabolism, for detoxification reactions, and for temporary Ca2+ sequestration

SER

Importance of Microtubules

maintaining cell shape and as tracks for transport of vesicles and organelles by the motor proteins kine- sin and dynein.

site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism

SER

synthesizes proteins for secretion, incorporation into the plasma, membrane, and as enzymes within lysosomes

RER

Maintain cell’s shape and polarity; provide tracks for organelle and chromosome movement; move cilia and flagella

MICROTUBULES

Contract and move cells; change cell shape; cytokinesis; cytoplasmic transport and streaming

MICROFILAMENTS

Strengthen cell and tissue structure; maintain cell shape; maintain nuclear shape (lamins)

INTERMEDIATE FILAMETS

These are cytoplasmic structures or deposits filled with stored macromolecules and are not present in all cells.

Inclusions

Move substances (eg, mucus and dissolved materials) over the cell surface

Cilia

Long, singular membrane extension supported by microtubules; present on sperm cells

Flagellum

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface; supported by microfilaments; Increase membrane surface area for greater absorption

Microvili

Houses the DNA that serves as the genetic material for directing protein synthesis

Nucleus

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents; continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum; Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

Nuclear envelope

Openings through the nuclear envelope; Allow passage of materials between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, including ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, ions, and small water-soluble molecules

Nuclear Pores

Functions in synthesis of ribosomes

Nucleolus

Contents of cells between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope; Responsible for many cellular processes

Cytoplasm

Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes (eg, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)

Cytosol

Extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape (eg, cisternae, tubules); ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface

RER

Extensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosomes

SER