Toad anatomy and skeletal system Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
difference between frog and toads
A
frogs - smoother skin, jump more, live near water, frogs can do cutaneous respiration
toads - rough skin, warts, terrestrial, glands, poisonous
2
Q
what is integumentary system
A
external parts
3
Q
dorsal
A
top - back or upper surface
4
Q
ventral
A
bottom - stomach or the lower surface
5
Q
anterior
A
front - head
6
Q
posterior
A
rear, tail end
7
Q
plane that divides the body into right and left parts
A
sagittal plane
8
Q
divides the body into front and back halves or into dorsal and ventral sections
A
frontal plane
9
Q
divides the body into top and bottom halves or anterior and posterior sections
A
transverse plane
10
Q
structure is close to the point of attachment
A
proximal
11
Q
structure is far away from the point of attachment
A
distal
12
Q
closer to the midline
A
medial
13
Q
towards the side
A
lateral
14
Q
towards the head
A
cranial
15
Q
towards the tail
A
caudal
16
Q
Ways to differentiate female frog to male frog
A
- male: dark pigmentation on the jaw
female: no distinct dark pigmentation - male: enlarged thumb pads
female: not enlarged - male: smaller
female: bigger
17
Q
ways to differentiate poison glands and mucus glands
A
poison: larger, less umber, thinner walls
mucus: smaller, more numerous, thicker walls
18
Q
composition of stratum compactum
A
layers of white fibrous connective tissue compactly arranged
19
Q
axial region is composed of
A
head and trunk
20
Q
most anterior portion of the head
A
snout
21
Q
keeps the eyes moist when underwater
A
nictitating membrane
22
Q
location of tympanic membrane relative to the eye
A
poterolateral
23
Q
function of tympanic membrane
A
covering the auditory canal
24
Q
appendicular region is made of
A
forelimbs and hindlimbs
25
rudimentary thumb in forelimbs is called
prepollux
26
carpus
wrist
27
manus
hand
28
number of digits in the hindlimbs
five
29
rudimentary toe
prehallux
30
branchium
upper arm
31
antebrachium
forearm
32
pes
foot
33
differentiate exoskeleton and endoskeleton
exoskeleton: hard external skeleton protecting the outer surface of an organism such as arthropods: snails
endoskeleton: internal skeleton, enclosed by bounded tissues
34
two main types of supportive tissue present in endoskeleton
cartilage, bone
35
location of axial endoskeleton
center or axis of the body
36
components of axial endoskeleton
skull, visceral skeleton, vertebral column, sternum
37
location of appendicular endoskeleton
laterally or in the region of extremities or appendages
38
components of appendicular endoskeleton
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, anterior limbs, posterior limbs
39
branching, overlapping plates of matrix in spongy bone is called
trabeculae
40
function of trabeculae
produce large interconnecting cave-like spaces which contains bone marrows and blood vessels
41
flat, triangular-shaped bones on the dorsal surface of the
skull just behind the nare
nasal bones
42
immediately posterior to the nasal is a median, single irregularly shaped
bone called the
sphenethmoid
43
Bone that enclose the inner ears
prootics
44
two long, slender, flat bones, just behind the sphenethmoid
frontoparietal
45
cover most of the brain
frontoparietal
46
large opening at the posterior portion of the skull bounded by the exoccipital, brain and spinal cord connect here
foramen magnum
47
Surrounding the posterior part of the brain is a bone called
exoccipital
48
pair of prominent bone projecting from the exociipital
occipital condyles
49
upper jaw is formed by the
premaxillae, maxillae, quadratojugals
50
paired, short, teeth-bearing bones
that form the anterior most edge of the upper jaw
premaxilla
51
paired curved teeth-bearing bones, forming the margin of
the jaw
maxilla
52
longest bones of the upper jaw
maxilla
53
Short bones make up the posterior part of the upper jaw, but unlike the
premaxilla and maxilla, these do not bear teeth.
quadratojugals
54
hammered shape bones on the lateral end of the prootics
squamosal
55
serves as a brace between the
cranium and the posterior portion of the jaws to support the cartilaginous
auditory region.
squamosal
56
two large openings on the side of the frontoparietal which are bound at the center, capsule the eyes
orbit
57
where sound waves are transmitted going to the inner ear
columella
58
two flat, wing-shaped bones in the roof of the mouth just
posterior to the premaxilla
vomers
59
slender, rod-like bones on the lower side of the cranium just
posterior to the vomers
palatines
60
dagger-shaped single bone that forms the floor of the cranium
parasphenoid
61
three-rayed bone serving as braces
pterygoid
62
endoskeletal structure derived from the gill arches
visceral skeleton
63
components of visceral skeleton in frog
upper and lower jaws, hyoid apparatus, cartilages supporting ventral wall or larynx
64
two small bones that unite the two halves of the jaw
mentomeckelian
65
most anterior bone in the lower jaw
mentomeckelian
66
median bone of the lower jaw
dentary
67
posterior bone of the lower jaw
angulosplenial
68
thin plate of bone that articulates with the
mentomeckelian in front and is joined to the outer surface of the anterior
part of the angulosplenial
dentary
69
strong bone forming the inner and ventral part of
each posterior half of the mandible
angulosplenial
70
angulosplenial is expanded into a medially projecting __ process which serves for muscle attachment
coronoid
71
location of the hyoid apparatus
floor of the mouth
72
flattened median region of the
hyoid apparatus
body of the hyoid
73
Extending as a pair of lateral expansions on the anterior side of the body
of the hyoid apparatus are the
alary processes
74
pair of longer, horn-like cartilages arising from the
antero-medial border of the alary processes
anterior cornua
75
A pair of pointed but shorter horn-like cartilages arises from the postero-lateral border of the body of the hyoid
posterior cornua
76
Medial to the posterior cornua is a pair of elongated bony processes
thyroid processes
77
Ventral to the suprascapula, bone corresponding to the human shoulder blade
scapula
78
Postero-lateral to the scapula is a cup-shaped depression known as
glenoid fossa
79
at the midventral regioin of the girdle is a pair of small bones called
epicoracoid
80
join the identical halves of the pectoral girdle
epicoracoid
81
space found lateral to the epicoracoid.
fenestra
82
collar bone
clavicle
83
slender bone anterior to the fenestra
clavicle
84
broader bone posterior to the fenestra
coracoid
85
breastbone
sternum
86
thin circular cartilage attached to the omosternum
episternum
87
tapered bone attached to the clavicle
omosternum
88
heart shaped cartilage found at the posterior end of sternum
xiphisternum
89
Projecting anteriorly from the clavicles is a flat cartilage
episternum
90
unpaired bone, shaped like an inverted Y immediately posterior to the episternum
omosternum
91
Projecting posteriorly from the
coracoid bones is an unpaired bone
mesosternum
92
sternum ends in a large, flat, bifurcated cartilage known as
xiphisternum
93
supports the hindlimbs
pelvic girdle
94
first vertebra
atlas
95
where are transverse processes strongest
third and fourth vertebrae
96
what do transverse processes represent
fused ribs
97
why does the atlas not have transverse processes?
It is specialized for the occipital condyles of the skull
98
ninth vertebra
sacral vertebra
99
why is the ninth vertebra enlarged
to accommodate for the connection of the girdle
100
10th vertebra
urostyle
101
function of transverse processes
muscle attachment
102
dorsal to the centrum is a cavity which encloses the spinal cord
neural canal
103
neural canal is bounded by
neural arch
104
centra of the first seven vertebrae shape
procoelous or concave in front and convex behind
105
eight vertebra shape
amphicoelous - both sides concave
106
two pairs of articulating processes extending forward and backward from the neural arch
zygapophyses
107
zygapophyses directed upward
prezygapophyses
108
zygapophyses directed downward
postzygapophyses
109
centrum of ninth vertebra shape
acoelous - both ends are flat
110
largest part of the pelvic girdle
ilium
111
function of ilium
articulates with the transverse process of the sacral vertebra
112
function of acetabulum
accommodates head of the femur
113
large bone on the most posterior end of the pelvic girlde
ischium
114
small triangular bone immediately ventral to the ilium and anterior to the ischium
pubis
115
bone of the upper arm
humerus
116
where is deltoid crest/ridge found
ventral side of humerus
117
radio-ulna inner and outer
inner: radius
outer: ulna
118
Along the more proximal half of its shaft, the humerus develops a ventrally projecting __ for the attachment of muscle
deltoid ridge
119
At its distal end, the humerus possesses a rounded surface (for
articulation with the radioulna), flanked on either side by small projections
known as
epicondyles
120
proximal end of the radioulna is extended into a
process, known as the
olecranon
121
function of olecranon
serves for attachment of muscles
122
bones of the palm
metacarpal
123
phalanges
bones of the fingers
124
number of phalanges in frog's hand
0,2,2,3,3
125
bone of the thigh
femur
126
head of the femur articulates with the
acetabolum
127
anklebones
tarsals
128
inner and outer bone of tibio-fibula
inner: tibia
outer: fibula
129
proximal row of the tarsal bone
astragalus or tibiale
130
tarsal bone distal to the fibula
calcaneus or fibulare
131
five long bones of the sole
metatarsals
132
small bone along with the normal five metatarsals
calcar
133
phalangeal formula of hindlimbs
2,2,3,4,3
134
one identical half of the pelvic girdle is called
innominate bone
135
bones of the wrist
carpals
136
how many carpals are present in a toad
six
137
Ventral, solid portion of a typical vertebrae
centrum
138
function of interconnecting cave-like spaces in spongy bone
storage and pockets to hold hemopoietic tissue of bone marrow, function in weight reduction
