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ESA1 > ToB 16 The Nervous System > Flashcards

ToB 16 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves does the human body possess?

A

12 pairs

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2
Q

How many pairs of segmental/spinal nerves does the human body possess?

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

What type of cell constitutes ~90% of the nervous system?

A

Glial cell (Glia)

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4
Q

Neuronal cells constitute what percentage of the nervous system?

A

~10%

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5
Q

What is the (greek) origin of the word ‘glia’?

A

Glue

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6
Q

What is the main function of glia?

A

To bind and hold the neurones of the nervous system together

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7
Q

What type of embryonic tissue is microglia derived from?

A

Haemopoetic stem cells

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8
Q

What type of embryonic tissue is macroglia derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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9
Q

How many types of macroglia are present in the CNS, and name them:

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Ependyma

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10
Q

What is the name of the type of glia which causes the differentiation of the capillary endothelial cells in the brain, creating the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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11
Q

What is the main function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelination of neuronal axons

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12
Q

Why can the death of 1 oligodendrocytes have a very significant effect?

A

1 oligodendrocyte can myelinate up to 250 different axons at 1 time, so the death of that cell will ahve significant effects on the speed of conduction of many different axons.

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of glia present in the CNS:

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Ependyma
4) Microglia

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14
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line the ventriclar system of the brain and central canal of spinal cord, and is involved in production of cerebrospinal fluid.

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15
Q

Where are ependymal cells found?

A

Lining the ventricular system of the brain, and the central canal of the spinal cord

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16
Q

Which type of glial cell increases the speed of conduction of a nerve in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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17
Q

Which type of glial cell lines the ventricular system of the brain?

A

Ependymal cells

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18
Q

Which type of glial cell line the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

Ependymal cells

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19
Q

What is the main function of microglia?

A

Immune cells of the central nervous system

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20
Q

Name the 2 types of macroglia present in the peripheral nervous system:

A

1) Schwann cells

2) Satellite cells

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21
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, how many axons can be myelinated by 1 glial cell?

A

1

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22
Q

What type of glial cell myelinates axons in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

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23
Q

In the central nervous system, how many axons can be myelinated by 1 glial cell?

A

Up to 250 axons

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24
Q

What type of glial cell myelinates axons in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

What is the role of satellite glial cells?

A

Physically support neurones in the peripheral nervous system

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26
Q

What type of glial cell are present in both the cental and peripheral nervous systems?

A

Microglia

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27
Q

What is the maximum number of cell bodies contained within a neurone?

A

1 cell body per neurone

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28
Q

What is the maximum number of axons that a neurone can have?

A

1 axon per neurone

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29
Q

What is the main function of neuronal dendrites?

A

To increase the surface area of the cell, in order to contact other cells.

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30
Q

What are the two necessary parts of a neurone?

A

1) Cell body

2) Axon

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31
Q

What structure do many neurones have to increase their surface area?

A

Dendrites

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32
Q

Name the different types of neuroglia:

A

1) Microglia
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Astrocytes
4) Ependyma
5) Schwann cells

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33
Q

What is ‘Nissl substance’?

A

The granular substance surrounding the nucleus in the cell body of a neurone, consisting of rER and free ribosomes, and is the site of protein synthesis.

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34
Q

What is contained within the cell body of a neurone?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Nissl substance
  • Golgi apparatus
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35
Q

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus within the cell body of a neurone?

A

To package neurotransmitter into vesicles

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36
Q

What is the approximate size of a cell body of a neurone, in micrometres?

A

~ 4-120 um

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37
Q

What is the name of the membrane which prevents crystal violet dye from being taken up by the nucleus of a neurone?

A

Peri-nuclear membrane

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38
Q

What stain allows us to see the cell body of a neurone?

A

Crystal-violet (taken up by Nissl substance)

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39
Q

In unstained brain slices, why do cell bodies appear a different colour to the axon of a neurone?

A

Cell bodies contain high amounts of Nissl substance, which absorbs the light creating a grey colour,
Axons do not contain Nissl substance, so reflect the light appearing white.

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40
Q

Which part of the neurone contributes to the white matter of the brain tissue?

A

Axons

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41
Q

Which part of the neurone contributes to the grey matter of the brain tissue?

A

Cell bodies

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42
Q

What is the name given to collections of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Ganglia

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43
Q

What does ‘ganglia’ mean?

A

Swelling
used to describe cysts and raised nodes, also
collections of nerve cell bodies in peripheral nervous system

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44
Q

Where is the ‘initial/initiation segment’ of a neurone?

A

The first part of the axon leaving the cell body, is rarely myelinated, so the section between the cell body and the first myelin sheath is the initial/initiation segment

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45
Q

In what part of the neurone is an action potential created?

A

The initial/initiation segment

46
Q

When an action potential is created in a neurone, why is it sent in 2 directions?

A

To the cell body to inform the cell, and

to the axon terminal to be passed onto another neurone/cell

47
Q

What is the name of the axon membrane beneath a myelin sheath?

A

Internodal membrane

48
Q

Why do thicker axons tend to conduct an AP faster than thinner axons?

A

Thicker axons tend to be myelinated, which increases the speed of conduction

49
Q

Why does myelination affect the location of certain ion channels on an axon?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels only need to be present at nodes of ranvier when the axon is myelinated, rather than across the whole of the axon if unmyelinated

50
Q

Name 3 polyneuropathy diseases which demyelinate neurons:

A

1) Diabetes
2) Multiple sclerosis
3) Guillain-Barré syndrome

51
Q

What is the name of the thin unmyelinated axons which have a faster conduction velocity than if they were myelinated?

A

C fibres

52
Q

Where does depolarisation of a myelinated axon occur?

A

At the initial/initiation segment, and nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

What is the approximate length of a node of Ranvier?

A

~ 1 um

54
Q

What gives most nerves a reflective shiny whitish appearance?

A

Myelin sheathing

55
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue sheath which surrounds the individual nerve fibres of a peripheral nerve?

A

Endoneurium

56
Q

Define ‘endoneurium’:

A

The connective tissue sheath which surrounds the individual nerve fibres of a peripheral nerve.

57
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue sheath which surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibres within a peripheral nerve?

A

Perineurium

58
Q

Define ‘perineurium’:

A

The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibres within a peripheral nerve

59
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue sheath which surrounds a peripheral nerve?

A

Epineurium

60
Q

Define ‘epineurium’:

A

The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a peripheral nerve

61
Q

What is the name of the tough outermost meninges which surround the brain and spinal cord?

A

Dura mater

62
Q

Define ‘dura mater’:

A

The toughest outermost meninges which surrounds the brain and spinal cord

63
Q

How many meninges surround the brain and spinal cord?

A

3

64
Q

Name the three meninges:

A

1) Pia mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Dura mater

65
Q

What is the name given to the delicate middle meninges?

A

Arachnoid mater

66
Q

Define ‘arachnoid mater’:

A

The thin fibrous middle meninges which surrounds the brain and spinal cord,

67
Q

What is the name given to innermost meninges?

A

Pia mater

68
Q

Define ‘pia mater’:

A

The innermost meninges covering the brain and spinal cord

69
Q

Which meninges are highly vascularised?

A
  • Dura mater

- Pia mater

70
Q

Which meninges is avascular?

A

Arachnoid mater

71
Q

The cell body of a neurone tends to swell and peripherally displace the nucleus if the axon of the neurone is damaged/cut. Why is this?

A

The cell body is undergoing rapid protein synthesis to begin axon regrowth

72
Q

What is chromatolysis?

A

The disintegration of the granular Nissl substance within a neuronal cell body, usually occurring due to peripheral nerve damage

73
Q

What is the meaning of the word ‘afferent’?

A

Travelling towards a center

74
Q

What is the meaning of the word ‘efferent’?

A

Travelling away from a center

75
Q

Define ‘preganglionic neuron’:

A

A neurone whose cell body lies within the CNS, and whose axon terminates at a ganglion in the peripheral nervous system, synapsing with postganglionic neurones

76
Q

Define ‘postganglionic neuron’:

A

A neurone whose cell body lies within the autonomic peripheral nervous system

77
Q

Is a sensory neurone afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent

78
Q

Is a motor neurone efferent or afferent?

A

Efferent

79
Q

Which structures encase the CNS?

A

Cranium

Vertebral column

80
Q

By definition, are sensory neurones within or distinct from the CNS?

A

Distinct from the CNS

81
Q

The autonomic nervous system can be split into which 3 components?

A

1) Sympathetic NS
2) Parasympathetic NS
3) Enteric NS

82
Q

Is the enteric NS somatic or autonomic?

A

Autonomic

83
Q

Define ‘somatic nervous system’:

A

The part of the nervous system which controls skeletal muscles under voluntary control

84
Q

Define ‘autonomic nervous system’:

A

The part of the nervous system which works without conscious control

85
Q

What is the effector organ of the somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscle

86
Q

Which nervous system is inactivated during sleep?

A

Somatic NS

87
Q

Which nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body?

A

Autonomic NS

88
Q

What are the 2 opposing systems within the autonomic nervous system?

A

1) Sympathetic

2) Parasympathetic

89
Q

What are the 4 types of effector organs stimulated by the autonomic nervous system?

A

1) Visceral organs
2) Smooth muscle
3) Cardiac muscle
4) Secretory glands

90
Q

What type of neurone reaches from the CNS to a peripheral ganglion?

A

Pre-ganglionic neurone (afferent)

91
Q

What type of neurone reaches from a peripheral ganglion to an effector organ?

A

Post-ganglionic neurone (afferent)

92
Q

What type of neurones are always myelinated (in normal circumstances)?

A

Pre-ganglionic neurone

93
Q

What type of neurone is never myelinated (under normal circumstances)?

A

Post-ganglionic neurones

94
Q

Which nervous system induces the ‘fight or flight’ response?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

95
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

A

It increases heart rate

96
Q

The human vertebral column is split into which five segments? (In order from top to bottom)

A

1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
5) Coccygeal

97
Q

In which segments of the vertebral column does the sympathetic nervous system have cell bodies in?

A

Thoracic

Lumbar

98
Q

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurones all secrete which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

99
Q

Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurones all express what type of receptor?

A

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (NAchRs)

100
Q

Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurones secrete which neurotransmitter? What is the exception?

A

Noradrenaline

Acetylcholine is released by the nerves innervating sweat glands

101
Q

Where do most of the pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurones (efferent) synapse?

A

Paravertebral chain

102
Q

What are the 2 classes of adrenoceptors?

A

1) Alpha-adrenoceptor

2) Beta-adrenoceptor

103
Q

What name is given to the receptors which respond to adrenaline?

A

Adrenoceptors

104
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

A

Reduces heart rate

105
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system promotes digestion?

A

Parasympathetic NS

106
Q

What part of the CNS does the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nerves arise from?

A

Cranial nerves

Sacral region of spinal cord

107
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system has long pre-ganglionic nerves?

A

Parasympathetic NS

108
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system has short pre-ganglionic nerves?

A

Sympathetic NS

109
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system has long post-ganglionic nerves?

A

Sympathetic NS

110
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system has short post-ganglionic nerves?

A

Parasympathetic NS

111
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted from pre-ganglionic autonomic neurones?

A

Acetylcholine

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