Togaviridae

Question 1

Togaviridae causes severe disease in what two species?

Answer 1

humans

horses

Question 2

Is togaviridae enveloped?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

In togaviridae, each spike are a trimer of what two proteins?

Answer 3

E1 and E2

*supports proteins on the lipid envelop

Question 4

In togaviridae, the RNA codes for what two polyproteins?

Answer 4

non structural and structural

Question 5

Togaviridae is present in the host cell within a ____

Answer 5

vesicle

Question 6

What polyproteins initiate the replication of the positive RNA virus during Togaviridae replication?

Answer 6

P1234

P123 + naP4

Question 7

What three cycles maintain arboviruses?

Answer 7

Urban cycle

Enzootic cycle

Epizootic cycle

Question 8

What is the most important arbovirus cycle for infection of humans?

Answer 8

Urban cycle

Question 9

What arbovirus cycle is maintained between a primary vector and domestic animal?

Answer 9

Epizootic cycle

Question 10

What is a vector called that can trasmit a disease from one cycle to another?

Answer 10

bridge vector

Question 11

Who is the dead end host within the arbovirus cycles?

Answer 11

humans

Question 12

Who is the primary vector within the enzootic (sylvatic) arbovirus cycle?

Answer 12

arthrophod vector

Question 13

Eastern equine encephalitis virus is a zoonotic disease transmited by ____

Answer 13

mosquitos

Question 14

Eastern equine encephalitis virus is caused by what genus of togaviridae?

Answer 14

Alphavirus

Question 15

What is the main genus of togaviridae?

Answer 15

alphavirus

Question 16

Eastern equine enchaphalitis causes _____ in horses and humans

Answer 16

encephalitis

Question 17

How many lineages are there in eastern equine encephalitis and which one is the most virulent?

Answer 17

4 lineages

group 1 is the most common in the US and most virulent

Question 18

What weather is eastern equine enchephalitis associated with?

Answer 18

heavy rainfall

*swamp areas

Question 19

What are the two cycles that maintain eastern equine encephalitis?

Answer 19

epizootic cycle

enzootic cycle

Question 20

In the epizootic cycle of eastern equine encephalitis, _____ can be infected by mosquitos and transmit the virus among themselves

Answer 20

pheasants

Question 21

____ mosquito acts as the bridge vector in eastern equine encephalitis and can transmit the virus to birds and humans

Answer 21

Aedes

Question 22

The enzootic cycle of eastern equine encephalitis is maintained by wild birds and what species of mosquito?

Answer 22

Culliseta melanura

Question 23

Eastern equine encephalitis induced apoptosis of what cells?

Answer 23

neuronal and glial cells

Question 24

_____ infection is the most common with eastern equine encephalitis in horses

Answer 24

inapparent/mild

Question 25

If a horse develops clinical signs with eastern equine encephalitis, what would they be?

Answer 25

walks blindly into objects paralysis incoordination inability to hold up the head

Question 26

What are some pathologies associated with eastern equine encephalitis in horses?

Answer 26

brain hemorrhage necrotizing vasculitis death

Question 27

What does eastern equine encephalitis cause in humans?

Answer 27

systemic form- fever, malaise, no CNS involvment encephalitis form- Fever, vomiting, convulsions, coma, unlitmately patient my die \*most cases have no apparent illness

Question 28

What is the prognosis for eastern equine encephalitis in humans?

Answer 28

1/3rd of all people with disease will die recovered patients may have brain damage

Question 29

What region of the US is Western equine encephalitis found?

Answer 29

Western

Question 30

What are the two forms of western equine enchephalitis and which one is more virulent?

Answer 30

epizootic- more virulent enzootic

Question 31

True/False: western equine encephalitis is more virulent than eastern equine encephalitis

Answer 31

False There is a lower fatality rate with wester equine encephalitis

Question 32

True/False: Western equine encephalitis tends to cause epidemics in ares of disease

Answer 32

False Causes sporadic individual cases

Question 33

What two animals play a role in the enzootic (primary) cycle of western equine encephalitis?

Answer 33

bird- reservoir mosquito (CULEX)- main vector

Question 34

What ampilification hosts are involved in the epizootic (secondary) cycle of Western equine encephalitis?

Answer 34

rodents black tailed jack rabbits

Question 35

What mosquito species is the vector for the epizootic cycle of western equine encephalitis?

Answer 35

Aedes

Question 36

While most cases of Western equine encephalitis are asymptomatic, what are some clinical signs in horses during a severe case?

Answer 36

fever blindess paralysis death in extereme cases

Question 37

What age group of humans have the highest suscpetibility to western equine encephalitis?

Answer 37

infants and children \*young patients are often left with brain damage \*asymptomatic in adults

Question 38

How many subtypes of Venezuelen equine encephalitis exist and which ones are virulent?

Answer 38

6 subtypes 1-A, 1-B, and 1-C are highly virulent in equines (epizootic)

Question 39

What is the vector and amplification hosts for the enzootic cycle of venezuelan equine enchephalitis?

Answer 39

vector host- Culex mosquito aplification host- rodent

Question 40

In western equine encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis both humans and horses are \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 40

dead end hosts \*cannot trasmit the disese

Question 41

What animal is the dead end host in the enzootic cycle of venezuelan equine encephalitis?

Answer 41

horses

Question 42

Who is the amplifying host, primary vector, and dead end host in the epizootic cycle of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus?

Answer 42

primary vector- mosquito amplification host- horses (virus can replicate at high titer in horses) dead end host- human

Question 43

Sometimes in venezuelan equine encephalitis, the _____ strain of the virus can mutate into the _____ strain

Answer 43

endemic can mutate into the epidemic \*less virulent form can become very virulent

Question 44

What clinical signs are associated with venezuelan equine encephalitis in horses?

Answer 44

head hung low incoordination death encephalomyelitis leaning

Question 45

In humans, venezuelan equine encephalitis is normally an ____ disease

Answer 45

acute, systemic \*Causes very important disesae in humans such as encephalitis and can cause abortion in pregnant women

Question 46

What are some ways to diagnose equine encephalitis?

Answer 46

detection of antigen- ELISA isolation of organism necropsy PCR

Question 47

What is the best way to control equine encephalitis?

Answer 47

control of mosquito population \*get rid of stagnant water

Question 48

What does surveillance of equine encephalitis entail?

Answer 48

trapping mosquitoes and wild animals and testing for virus Chickens kept in endemic area and tested periodically for virus

Question 49

What biological control method can be used for control of equine enephalitis?

Answer 49

increase population of predatory fish (Gambusia) that feed on mosquito larvae

Question 50

\_\_\_\_\_ can be sprayed in stagnant water to decrease mosquito population

Answer 50

larvicides

Question 51

EEV, WEEV, and VEEV vaccines are available for horses, however there is no effective vaccines in case of \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 51

humans