Top People (Test #1)

Question 1

Who is known as the Father of American Psychology?

Answer 1

William James

William James was the first to teach a psychology course in the US and published ‘The Principles of Psychology’.

Question 2

What are the three theoretical contributions of William James?

Answer 2

• Functionalism
• Pragmatism
• James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Question 3

Who is considered the father of psychoanalytic psychology?

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Freud was the first to investigate the process of the unconscious mind.

Question 4

What are the three elements of personality according to Freud?

Answer 4

• Id
• Ego
• Superego

Question 5

What therapeutic techniques did Freud develop?

Answer 5

• Transference
• Free association
• Dream interpretation

Question 6

What concept did Freud introduce that relates to the unconscious mind?

Answer 6

Repression

Repression involves pushing distressing memories out of conscious awareness.

Question 7

What is the main focus of Ivan Pavlov’s research?

Answer 7

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov is best known for his experiment with dogs, demonstrating how a neutral stimulus can trigger a conditioned response.

Question 8

What is the significance of the ‘Skinner Box’?

Answer 8

It is an operant conditioning chamber used to study reinforcement and behavior in animals.

Question 9

What are the key components of B.F. Skinner’s research?

Answer 9

• Operant Conditioning
• Reinforcement
• Radical Behaviorism

Question 10

What is the hierarchy of needs proposed by Abraham Maslow?

Answer 10

• Physiological needs
• Safety needs
• Love and belonging
• Esteem
• Self-actualization

Question 11

What is the primary focus of Carl Jung’s analytical psychology?

Answer 11

Individuation

Jung believed individuation is a lifelong process of self-definition.

Question 12

What technique did Mary Whiton Calkins invent?

Answer 12

Paired-associate technique

This technique is used to study memory.

Question 13

What area of psychology did Anna Freud contribute to?

Answer 13

Psychoanalytic Child Psychology

Question 14

What did Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focus on?

Answer 14

The intellectual growth of children

He identified four stages of cognitive development.

Question 15

List the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget.

Answer 15

• Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
• Preoperational (ages 2 to 7)
• Concrete operational (ages 7 to 11)
• Formal operational (ages 12 and up)

Question 16

What term did Erik Erikson coin to describe challenges during adolescence?

Answer 16

Identity Crisis

Question 17

What is Erik Erikson known for in psychology?

Answer 17

Theory of Psychological Development

Erikson’s theory explores development throughout the lifespan.

Question 18

What is the main contribution of Carl Rogers to psychology?

Answer 18

Humanistic Psychology

Rogers emphasized the importance of self-actualization and unconditional positive regard.

Question 19

What term did Erik Erikson coin to describe someone who has failed to achieve ego identity during adolescence?

Answer 19

Identity crisis

Erikson’s concept emphasizes the challenges faced during the adolescent stage of development.

Question 20

What theory did Erik Erikson create that focuses on psychological development?

Answer 20

Theory of Psychological Development

This theory outlines the stages individuals go through as they develop psychologically.

Question 21

What is Carl Rogers known for in the field of psychology?

Answer 21

Client-centered therapy

Rogers emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship and human potential.

Question 22

What do Carl Rogers’ techniques in therapy encourage?

Answer 22

Clients to realize insights in subtle ways

Rogers believed in an equal relationship between therapist and client.

Question 23

Who is recognized as the father of modern social psychology?

Answer 23

Kurt Lewin

He used experimentation to study social behavior and group dynamics.

Question 24

What did Kurt Lewin believe about the nature vs. nurture debate?

Answer 24

The interaction between a person and their environment develops personality

Lewin’s views influenced social psychology significantly.

Question 25

What significant contribution did William Wundt make to psychology?

Answer 25

Separated psychology from philosophy and created the first laboratory for psychological research ## Footnote Wundt is often referred to as the father of experimental psychology.

Question 26

What is Albert Bandura known for bridging in psychology?

Answer 26

Behaviorism and cognitive psychology ## Footnote Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes learning through observation.

Question 27

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrate?

Answer 27

Aggression can be learned through modeling ## Footnote The experiment showcased how children imitate behavior based on observation.

Question 28

What attachment styles did Mary Ainsworth identify in her research?

Answer 28

Secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant ## Footnote Ainsworth's work on attachment has been foundational in child psychology.

Question 29

Who formed the practice of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?

Answer 29

Aaron Beck ## Footnote Beck emphasized the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Question 30

What did Henri Laborit contribute to the treatment of schizophrenia?

Answer 30

Development of a drug to reduce electric shock use ## Footnote Laborit's work aimed to improve treatment methods for psychiatric patients.

Question 31

What major psychological concept did Solomon Asch study?

Answer 31

Conformity ## Footnote Asch's experiments highlighted the influence of group pressure on individual opinions.

Question 32

What did Mamie Phipps Clark study related to racial identification?

Answer 32

Self-esteem in African American children using doll play ## Footnote Her findings had a profound impact on civil rights issues in America.

Question 33

What does Melanie Klein's object relation theory focus on?

Answer 33

The relationship between a mother and her child ## Footnote Klein's theory emphasizes the mental separation of objects into 'good' and 'bad' aspects.

Question 34

What theory did Leon Festinger help develop?

Answer 34

Cognitive dissonance ## Footnote Festinger's work explains how social conditioning affects human behavior.

Question 35

What is Philip Zimbardo famous for studying?

Answer 35

The influence of situational forces on human behavior ## Footnote His Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the effects of authority on behavior.

Question 36

What did Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrate about authority?

Answer 36

The influence of perceived authority on obedience ## Footnote Milgram's study revealed how far individuals would go to obey authority figures.

Question 37

What is John Watson known for?

Answer 37

He demonstrated the evidence of association in higher order organisms and was crucial in the acceptance of behaviorism in psychological studies.

Question 38

What is Wilder Penfield known for?

Answer 38

He discovered that electrical stimulus of different parts of the brain led to different responses in the body; he discovered the “engram”, which is the physical basis of memories; and he developed the brain map known as the “homunculus”, which we just learned about in Head and Neck.

Question 39

What is Neal E. Miller known for?

Answer 39

He focused on Biofeedback, Stimulus-Response Theory, and Fear. Miller helped bridge the gap between psychoanalysis and behaviorism. He studied brainwave activity, heart rate, and pain receptors of his subjects in response to emotional and physiological stimuli. He was fascinated by the concepts of fear and anxiety.