topic 1

Question 1

behaviour modification

Answer 1

field of psych concerned with analyzing and modifying behaviour.

Question 2

behaviorist

Answer 2

studies overt (external) actions.

Question 3

measurable dimensions of behaviour

Answer 3

frequency, duration, intensity, latency

Question 4

frequency

Answer 4

how many times a behaviour occurs

Question 5

duration

Answer 5

how long a behaviour continues to occur

Question 6

intensity

Answer 6

how strongly a behaviour occurs

Question 7

latency

Answer 7

how long it takes for the behaviour to occur from the time the stimulus occurs

Question 8

characteristics of behaviour

Answer 8

it is measurable, it can be observed and recorded, it impacts the environment, is lawful, and can be both overt and covert

Question 9

behavioral excess

Answer 9

undesirable behaviour you want to decrease

Question 10

behavioral deficit

Answer 10

desirable behaviour you want to increase

Question 11

experimental analysis of behavior

Answer 11

the scientific study of behaviour. originally developed from skinners experimental research.

Question 12

applied behaviour analysis

Answer 12

the scientific study of how to help change that behaviour. specifically targeted at human behaviour

Question 13

behaviour modification characteristics

Answer 13

• Focus on behaviour rather than a personal characteristic or trait
• procedures based on principles of behaviorism
• emphasis on current environmental events
• measure behaviour change
• no real focus on the past
• reject hypothetical underlying causes of behaviour

Question 14

applied behavior analysis

Answer 14

a scientific approach that uses techniques and principles to improve or change behaviors. It focuses on understanding how behaviors are influenced by the environment and then applying strategies to teach new skills or reduce unwanted behaviors.

Question 15

indirect assessment

Answer 15

measure target behaviour with interviews questionnaires . individuals can report their own behaviour

Question 16

direct assessment

Answer 16

target behaviour is measured as it occurs. Observer can be the individual engaging in the behavior or another person

Question 17

process of behavior assessment

Answer 17

1. define target behaviour
2. determine how the behaviour will be recorded

Question 18

operational definition

Answer 18

description that specifies exactly how a term will be measured . must be precise, quantifiable, objective, unambiguous, practical, useful, and not reference internal states like emotions

Question 19

independent observer

Answer 19

someone besides the person exhibiting the target behaviour

Question 20

self monitoring

Answer 20

client observes and records own target behavior ( and is trained to do so)

Question 21

remote monitoring

Answer 21

recording device (ex. camera)

Question 22

structured observation period

Answer 22

involve arranging for specific events or situations to occur

Question 23

unstructured observation periods

Answer 23

simply observe behaviour as it occurs without intervention

Question 24

continuous recording

Answer 24

document every instance of the target behavior during the observation period

Question 25

sample recording

Answer 25

aka discontinuous recording. document some of the occurrences of the target behaviour.

Question 26

interval recording

Answer 26

record whether the target behavior occurs within certain time intervals

Question 27

partial interval recording

Answer 27

measure whether a behavior occurs at any point during a specified time interval. In this method, the observation period is divided into small intervals, and the behavior is marked as occurring if it happens at any time during that interval, regardless of how long it lasts.

Question 28

whole interval recording

Answer 28

observe whether a behavior occurs for the entire duration of a specified time interval

Question 29

frequency within interval recording

Answer 29

measure how many times a behavior occurs during a specified observation interval. In this approach, you break the observation period into smaller intervals, and then count how many times the behavior happens within each of those intervals.

Question 30

time sample recording

Answer 30

divide observation period into intervals of time but only observe the behavior during part of each interval . periods of observation separated by periods of no observation

Question 31

momentary time sample recording

Answer 31

records behavior only if it occurs at the exact instant the interval ends

Question 32

product recording

Answer 32

record tangible outcomes that result from the occurrence of the behaviour . not direct observation of the behavior itself.

Question 33

natural settings

Answer 33

places in which the target behavior normally occurs. more representative sample of target behavior

Question 34

artificial settings/analogue

Answer 34

places that are not a part of normal daily routine. more controlled environment. easier to manipulate variables

Question 35

reactivity

Answer 35

refers to the change in a person’s behavior when they are aware that they are being observed or measured

Question 36

interobserver agreement

Answer 36

a measure used in behavior analysis to assess the consistency between two or more observers who are recording the same behavior. It shows how much agreement there is between observers in identifying and measuring the occurrence of a behavior.

Question 37

research method of behavior modification

Answer 37

1. measure the dependent variable (target behavior 2. manipulate the independent variable (environmental events/ treatment) and demonstrate a change in the target behaviour -> eliminate confounding variables 3. repeat

Question 38

A-B design

Answer 38

1. A phase (Baseline): This is the initial phase where the behavior is observed and measured without any intervention, to understand its typical pattern. 2. B phase (Intervention): This phase involves introducing an intervention or treatment to see if it has an effect on the behavior.

Question 39

A-B-A-B reversal designs

Answer 39

1. A phase (Baseline): The behavior is observed and measured without any intervention. 2. B phase (Intervention): The intervention or treatment is introduced to see if it causes a change in behavior. 3. A phase (Baseline): The intervention is withdrawn, and the behavior is observed again to see if it returns to baseline levels. 4. B phase (Intervention): The intervention is reintroduced to see if the behavior changes again.

Question 40

multiples baseline subjects

Answer 40

2+ subjects with the same target behaviour . treatment is staggered over time across subjects

Question 41

multiple baseline behaviours

Answer 41

2+ behaviours of the same subject. treatment is staggered across behaviours

Question 42

multiple baseline settings

Answer 42

2+ settings with the same subject and same target behaviour. Treatment is staggered across settings

Question 43

alternating treatment designs

Answer 43

baseline/ treatment implemented on alternating days or sessions, for the same amount of time.

Question 44

changing criterion designs

Answer 44

baseline and treatment phase. with in treatment phase, sequential performance criteria are specified. successive goal levels for target behavior. 1. Baseline Phase: The behavior is measured without intervention. 2. Intervention Phases: The intervention is introduced, but instead of a big, sudden change, small changes in the criteria for the behavior (such as a certain number of correct responses or a specific duration) are set at each phase. 3. Criteria Adjustments: As the behavior improves, the goal becomes more challenging in small steps, often aiming for a higher level of performance. | target behavior is gradually modified by changing criteria for reinfor

Question 45

functional assessment

Answer 45

process used to understand the purpose or function that a behavior serves for an individual. It involves gathering information to identify the triggers (antecedents), the behavior itself, and the consequences that reinforce or maintain the behavior

Question 46

antecedents

Answer 46

stimuli that alter the current probability of a behavior . behavior is more likely in their presence

Question 47

consequence

Answer 47

reinforcers and punishers. strengthen or weaken a behavior . behavior is more or less likely in the future

Question 48

assessing antecedents

Answer 48

when, where, and with whom, and in what circumstances or situations does the behavior occur.

Question 49

three term contingency

Answer 49

A (antecedents) : B (behavior) -> C ( consequence)

Question 50

assessing consequences

Answer 50

for both problem and alternative behaviors. assess social and environmental consequences. consider the schedule of reinforcement, magnitude of reinforcement, and immediacy of reinforcement.

Question 51

types of functional analysis

Answer 51

exploratory functional analysis and hypothesis testing functional analysis

Question 52

exploratory functional analysis

Answer 52

test a range of possible functions. no clear hypothesis about function, test range of multiple functions, test condition for each function, 1 control condition for all functions. - identifies functions and rules out other functions

Question 53

hypothesis testing functional analysis

Answer 53

test hypothesis from descriptive assessment. have a clear hypothesis from indirect and direct assessment, test and control condition for 1 function, identifies function. does not rule out other functions