Topic 1 Flashcards

Introduction to Behaviour Modification (61 cards)

1
Q

What is behavior modification?

A

Field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying behaviour

AKA Behaviour Analysis

Focuses on increasing or decreasing a particular behavior.

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2
Q

How do behaviorists define behavior?

A

Overt (external) easily observable action

Defined as ‘anything a person or other animal does that can be measured’ (Skinner, 1938).

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3
Q

How do congitive psychologist define behavior?

A

Includes both overt and covert (internal, hidden) actions

Examples include thoughts and emotions.

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4
Q

How do we define Behaviour

A
  • Behaviour involves action
  • Has measurable dimensions
  • Can be observed, described and recorded
  • impacts the environment
  • Is lawful
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5
Q

What are the measurable dimensions of behavior?

A
  • Frequency
  • Duration
  • Intensity
  • Latency

Each dimension provides insight into the behavior’s occurrence.

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6
Q

What is the definition of frequency in behavior measurement?

A

How many times a behavior occurs

Example: Dog barks nine times after the doorbell rings.

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7
Q

What does duration refer to in behavior measurement?

A

How long a behavior continues to occur

Example: Child cries for 5 minutes after a parent leaves.

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8
Q

What is intensity in the context of behavior?

A

How strongly a behavior occurs

Example: Teenager applies grip strength of 35kg.

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9
Q

What does latency refer to in behavior measurement?

A

How long until a behavior occurs

Example: Bird waits for 30 seconds after a predator call to move.

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10
Q

What impacts does behavior have on the environment?

A

Behavior impacts the physical or social environment

It occurs in both time and space.

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11
Q

What does it mean that behavior is lawful?

A

It follows predictable rules

Environmental factors affect behavior in consistent ways.

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12
Q

What are the two types of behaviour?

A

can be overt or covert

Can be obvious (put your hand up and teacher calls on you) or can be internal/hidden (only affects the person who did the behaviour)

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13
Q

What are the characteristic of behaviour modification?

A
  • Focus on behavior, rather than a personal characteristic or trait
  • Procedures based on principles of behaviourism
  • Emphasis on current environmental events
  • Clear and detailed description of procedures
  • Treatment implemented by non- professionals
  • Measure behaviour change
  • No real focus on the past
  • Reject hypothetical underlying causes of behaviour (i.e., behaviorism)
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14
Q

What is a target behavior?

A

Behavior you want to change

This is a focus of behavior modification.

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15
Q

What is behavioral excess?

A

Undesirable behavior you want to decrease

It is one of the focuses in behavior modification.

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16
Q

What is a behavioral deficit?

A

Desirable behavior you want to increase

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17
Q

Who originally developed behaviour analysis?

A

B.F. Skinner

His research emphasized the consequences of behavior.

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18
Q

What is applied behavior analysis?

A

The scientific study of behaviour to help change that behavior

Specifically targeted at human behaviour

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19
Q

Who is Edward Thorndike

A
  • Comparative psychologist
  • Puzzle box experiments
  • Law of effect

Puzzle Box: Animals fed after leaving box, food strengthened association between situation (S) and latch-opening response (R)

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20
Q

What does the Law of Effect constitute?

A
  • If a response is followed by a satisfying event, the S-R connection is strengthened
  • If a response is followed by an unsatisfying event, the S-R connection is weakened
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21
Q

Who is John B. Watson

A
  • Established the behaviourism movement
  • Psychology should be all about observable behavior
  • Stimulus-response psychology

Environmental events (stimuli) elicit responses

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22
Q

Who is Ivan B. Pavlov

A
  • Conducted experiments which uncovered the basic processes of classical (respondent) conditioning
  • Demonstrated that a reflex (e.g., salivation in response to food) could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a metronome)

Behavior transfers to a new stimulus through association.

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23
Q

Who is B.F. Skinner?

A
  • Expanded the field of behaviorism
  • Stressed that while classical (respondent) conditioning described stimuli that elicited responses, operant was about the consequences of a behaviour determines the future occurrence of that behaviour
  • Elaborated the basic principles of operant behaviour

The foundation of behaviour modification

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24
Q

What is applied Behaviour analysis?

A

Introduced by Baer, Wold, and Risley (1968), focal features of applied behaviour analysis:
- Socially important behaviour
- Functional relationships between environmental events and behaviour
- Clear description of procedures
- Connection to basic behaviour principles
- Production of meaningful, generalizable, and long-lasting changes in behavior

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25
What is the Evolution of Behaviour Modification and Applied Behaviour Analysis?
- Controlled experiments show environmental influences on behaviour in both human and nonhuman animals - Application of those findings to develop treatments based on reinforcement and / or punishment - Functional assessment procedures developed and refined
26
What are the areas of application for behavior modification?
* Psychological disorders * Education * Rehabilitation * Community psychology * Clinical psychology * Business; industry * Self Management * Child Behaviour * Prevention * Sports performance * Health related behaviours * Gerontology ## Footnote These areas highlight the versatility of behavior modification techniques.
27
What is behavior assessment?
Measuring the target behavior(s) in a given situation ## Footnote Useful before, during, and after implementation of treatment.
28
What is the difference between indirect and direct assessment?
Indirect assessment relies on interviews and questionnaires; direct assessment measures behavior as it occurs ## Footnote Direct assessment is generally more accurate.
29
what are the characteristic of Direct Assessment?
- Target behavior is measured as it occurs - Observer can be the individual engaging in the behaviour, or another person - Documenting behaviour as it happens removes reliance on recall - Self monitoring: Client is trained to observe their own target behaviour
30
what are the characteristic of Indirect Assessment?
- Measure target behaviour with interviews, questionnaires, and/or rating scales after the fact - Individuals can report their own behaviour - Assessment may rely on testimony from other people - Requires recall of an individual's behaviour ## Footnote Concerns: Testimonials may be biased, inaccurate, unreliable, and/or incomplete because of reliance on recall
31
What is the process of behaviour Assessment?
- Define the target behaviour - Determine how the behaviour will be recorded
32
What is an operational definition?
Description that specifies exactly how a term will be measured ## Footnote Must be precise, quantifiable, and objective, unambigious, practical, useful and should not reference internal states.
33
Who Records the Behaviour?
Many different options for the observer such as: - Independent observer - self monitoring - remote monitoring
34
What are structured observation periods?
Involve arranging for specific events or situations to occur ## Footnote This contrasts with unstructured observation periods.
35
What are unstructured observation periods?
Simply observe behaviour as it occurs without intervention
36
What is continous Recording?
when you document every instance of the target behaviour during the observation period
37
What is Sample Recording? | AKA Discontinuous Recording
Document some of the occurrences of the target behaviour | - Interval Recording - Time sampling Recording
38
What is Interval Recording?
Record whether the target behavior occurs within certain time intervals
39
What is Partial Interval Recording?
Document if the target behaviour occurred during any part of the interval
40
What is Whole Interval Recording?
Document if the target behaviour occurs during the entire interval
41
What is Frequency Within Interval Recording?
Document frequency of the target behaviour within consecutive intervals of time in the observation period
42
What is Time Sample Recording?
Divide observation period into intervals of time but only observe the behavior during part of each interval | Periods of observation separated by periods without observation
43
What is Momentary Time Sample Recording (MTS)
Records behaviour only if it occurs at the exact instant the interval ends
44
What is product recording?
When you record tangible outcomes (products) that result from the occurrence of the behavior.
45
What is reactivity in behavior observation?
When a person's behavior changes as a result of being observed ## Footnote It can affect the accuracy of behavior measurement.
46
What is interobserver agreement (IOA)?
Evaluates if the behavior is being recorded consistently ## Footnote Involves comparing recordings of two observers.
47
How do yo evaluate IOA?
1. Two people independently observe and record same target behaviour during same observation period 2. Compare recordings of two observers 3. Calculate Percentage or agreement
48
What is the A-B design in behavior modification research?
One baseline and one treatment phase | A = Baseline, B = treatment ## Footnote - Not a true research design as it lacks replication. - Does not demonstrate a functional relationship - used in clinical practice, self-mangament projects
49
What is the A-B-A-B Reversal design in behavior modification research?
- Remove treatment; go back to ‘baseline’ - Implement treatment again - Demonstrates a functional relationship
50
What is the Multiple- Baseline design in behavior modification research?
- Multiple Baseline subjects - Multiple baseline behaviors - Multiple baseline settings ## Footnote - 2+ subjects with same target behaviour - Treatment is staggered over time across subjects - 2+ behaviors of the same subject - Treatment is staggered across behaviours - 2+ settings with same subject AND same target behaviour - Treatment is staggered across settings
51
What is the Alternating- Treatment Design?
Baseline/Treatment implemented on alternating days or sessions, for the same amount of time | (e.g., one day each)
52
What is the Changing- Criterions Designs?
- Baseline and treatment phase Different from A-B design: - Within treatment phase, sequential performance criteria are specified - Successive goal levels for target behaviour - Functional relationship is demonstrated when behaviour matches performance criteria.
53
What are the characteristics of the Functional Assesment?
- Goal is to determine why a problem behaviour occurs (or a desirable behaviour does not occur) - Requires a functional understanding of the stimuli in the environment that influence a behaviour
54
What does the three-term contingency refer to?
A: Antecedent (stimulus) -> B: Behavior (Response) -> C: Consequence (outcome) ## Footnote It highlights the relationship between stimuli and behavior.
55
What are antecedents in behavior analysis?
Stimuli that alter the current probability of a behavior ## Footnote Behaviour is more likely in their presence now
56
What are consequences in behavior analysis?
Reinforcers and punishers that strengthen or weaken a behavior ## Footnote - They affect the future likelihood of the behavior. - Behavior is more (or less) likely in the future
57
Summarize Assessing Antecedents (A)
When, where, with whom and in what circumstances or situations does the behaviour occur? ## Footnote (e.g., contextual stimuli, preceding behaviours and circumstances, time of day, etc.)
58
Summarize Assessing Behaviors (B)
- Problem Behaviours - Alternative Behaviours ## Footnote Relevant Variables (e.g., Intensity, latency, topography, etc.)
59
Summarize Assessing Consequences (C)
- For both problem and alternative behaviors Consider the.. - Schedule of reinforcement - Magnitude of reinforcement - Immediacy of reinforcement
60
What is exploratory functional analysis?
Test a range of possible functions without a clear hypothesis ## Footnote - No clear hypothesis about function - Test a range of possible functions - Test condition for each function - One control condition for all functions - Identifies function(s) and rules out other functions - Identifies functions and rules out other functions.
61
What is hypothesis testing functional analysis?
Test hypothesis from descriptive assessment with clear conditions ## Footnote - Have a clear hypothesis from indirect and direct assessment - Test and control condition for one function - Identifies function - Does rule out other functions