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topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Covalent Bond?

A

Type of chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons.

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2
Q

Define Ionic Bond.

A

A bond between a positive ion which has lost an electron(s) and a negative ion which has gained an electron(s).

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3
Q

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A

Chemical bond formed between the positive charge on a hydrogen atom and the negative charge on another atom of an adjacent molecule.

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4
Q

What is a Polar Molecule?

A

A molecule which has a partially positive charge in one part and a completely negative charge in another part.

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5
Q

Define Monomer.

A

One of many small molecules that combine together to form a polymer.

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6
Q

What is a Polymer?

A

Large molecule made up of many repeating smaller molecules (monomers).

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7
Q

What does Polymerisation refer to?

A

The process of making a polymer.

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8
Q

Describe the process of Condensation.

A

Chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a more complex one with the elimination of a simple substance, usually water.

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9
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

The breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules.

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10
Q

Define Metabolism.

A

All the chemical processes that take place in living organisms.

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11
Q

What is a Mole?

A

The mass of a substance containing the same number of fundamental units as there are atoms in exactly 12g of 12C.

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12
Q

What is a Molar (M) Solution?

A

An aqueous solution that contains 1 mole of solute in 1 litre of solution.

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13
Q

Define Carbohydrate.

A

Compounds made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides.

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14
Q

What is a Monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar, e.g., glucose.

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15
Q

What is an Organic Molecule?

A

Molecules containing carbon found in living things; four classes are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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16
Q

Define Disaccharide.

A

Made up of two sugar units formed by a condensation reaction.

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17
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?

A

Made of many sugar units formed by a condensation reaction.

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18
Q

What is a Hexose sugar?

A

A sugar made up of 6 carbons.

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19
Q

What is Glucose?

A

C6H12O6 – a single sugar used in respiration.

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20
Q

Define Reducing Sugar.

A

A sugar that serves as a reducing agent; all monosaccharides are reducing sugars along with some disaccharides.

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21
Q

What is the Reducing sugar test?

A

Heat solution with Benedict’s reagent to test for reducing sugars; a brick red color indicates presence.

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22
Q

What is Benedict’s reagent?

A

Blue solution used to test for reducing and non-reducing sugars.

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23
Q

Define Glycosidic bond.

A

Bond between sugar molecules in disaccharides and polysaccharides.

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24
Q

What is a Non-reducing sugar?

A

A sugar which cannot serve as a reducing agent, e.g., sucrose.

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25
Describe the Non-reducing sugar test.
Following a negative reducing sugars test, heat with HCl to hydrolyse into monosaccharides and then perform Benedict’s test again.
26
What is Starch?
A polysaccharide found in plant cells made up of alpha-glucose.
27
What is Glycogen?
A highly branched polysaccharide made up of alpha-glucose found in animal cells.
28
Define Cellulose.
A polysaccharide made up of beta-glucose found in plant cells.
29
What is Alpha glucose?
An isomer of glucose that can bond together to form starch or glycogen.
30
What is Beta glucose?
An isomer of glucose that can bond together to form cellulose.
31
Define Lipid.
A class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives, insoluble in water.
32
What is a Triglyceride?
An individual lipid molecule made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
33
Define Fatty acid.
A carboxylic acid with a hydrocarbon tail.
34
What is Glycerol?
A molecule which combines with three fatty acids to form triglycerides.
35
What is a Saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with no double bonds between the carbon atoms.
36
Define Mono-unsaturated fatty acid.
Fatty acid which possesses a carbon chain with a single double bond.
37
What is a Poly-unsaturated fatty acid?
Fatty acid which possesses a carbon chain with many double bonds.
38
Define Phospholipid.
Triglyceride in which one of the three fatty acid molecules is replaced by a phosphate molecule.
39
What is Hydrophilic?
Section of a molecule which is attracted to water.
40
What is Hydrophobic?
Section of a molecule which is repulsed by water.
41
What is the Emulsion test?
Test for lipids; mix sample with ethanol and add water to check for a white cloudy emulsion.
42
Define Protein.
A polymer made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
43
What is an Amino acid?
A monomer which makes up proteins, bonded to a carboxylic acid group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group.
44
What is an Amino group?
-NH2 group of an amino acid.
45
Define Carboxyl group.
-COOH group of an amino acid.
46
What is an R-group?
Different for each of the 20 amino acids; determines bonding capabilities.
47
What is a Peptide bond?
The bond formed between two amino acids.
48
Define Polypeptide.
Many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
49
What is Primary protein structure?
The sequence of amino acids that makes up the polypeptides of a protein.
50
Define Secondary protein structure.
The way in which the chain of amino acids is folded.
51
What is Tertiary protein structure?
The folding of a whole polypeptide chain in a precise way.
52
What is a Disulfide bridge?
Bond formed between Sulphur atoms in R groups of amino acids.
53
Define Quaternary protein structure.
A number of polypeptide chains linked together, sometimes with non-protein groups.
54
What is the Biuret test?
A biochemical reaction to detect protein; turns purple if protein is present.
55
What is an Enzyme?
A protein that acts as a catalyst, lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction.
56
Define Activation energy.
Energy required to bring about a reaction.
57
What is an Active Site?
Region of an enzyme where the substrate fits to catalyse a reaction.
58
Define Substrate.
A substance acted on by an enzyme.
59
What is an Enzyme-substrate complex?
The intermediate formed when a substrate interacts with the active site of an enzyme.
60
What does Complimentary mean in enzymatic context?
Describes the fit between the active site of an enzyme and the substrate.
61
What does Specific mean regarding enzymes?
Describes how enzymes catalyse a certain chemical reaction.
62
Define Induced fit.
Mechanism where the active site of an enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate.
63
What is the Lock and key analogy?
Analogy for enzyme function; only the correctly sized substrate fits into the enzyme's active site.
64
What is Rate of reaction?
Speed of a chemical reaction; measured by concentration changes over time.
65
Define Kinetic Energy.
The energy of motion.
66
What does pH measure?
The acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
67
What is an Inhibitor?
A substance which reduces the activity of an enzyme.
68
Define Competitive inhibitor.
An inhibitor that binds to the active site of the enzyme.
69
What is a Non-competitive inhibitor?
An inhibitor that does not bind at the active site of the enzyme.
70
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the carrier of genetic information in living organisms.
71
What is a Nucleotide?
Complex chemicals made up of an organic base, a sugar, and a phosphate.
72
Define Polynucleotide.
A polymer of monomers called nucleotides.
73
What is a Phosphodiester bond?
Bond formed by a condensation reaction between nucleotides.
74
What is an Organic base?
Part of a nucleotide; can be adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine or uracil.
75
What is RNA?
A polynucleotide containing ribose sugar and bases adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine.
76
Define Complimentary base pairing.
Rules for how DNA bases pair together; A pairs with T, G pairs with C.
77
What is a Double helix?
Structure of DNA made up of two strands of nucleotides running in opposite directions.
78
What is Semiconservative replication?
Process where each DNA strand serves as a template for a new strand.
79
What does DNA helicase do?
Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA bases to separate strands.
80
What does DNA polymerase do?
Enzyme that joins DNA nucleotides during replication.
81
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, an energy carrier produced during respiration.
82
What is ADP?
Adenosine diphosphate, formed from ATP by hydrolysis.
83
What is ATP Synthase?
Enzyme that catalyses the formation of ATP.
84
What does ATP Hydrolase do?
Enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP.
85
What are Polymerases?
Group of enzymes that catalyse the formation of polymers from monomers.
86
What is Specific heat capacity?
The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1℃.
87
What is Latent heat of Vaporisation?
Heat energy needed to change a substance from liquid to gas.
88
Define Cohesion.
Attraction between molecules of the same type.
89
What is Surface tension?
Tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by particle attraction.
90
What is a Solvent?
The liquid in which a solute is dissolved.
91
Define Inorganic ions.
Formed when an element gains or loses electrons to become charged.
92
What does Transparent mean?
A material that allows light to pass through clearly.

biology key words (4 decks)

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