Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology key words > topic 2 > Flashcards

topic 2 Flashcards

(105 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Magnification?

A

The number of times bigger the image/drawing is compared to the object/real size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Resolution?

A

The minimum distance needed to differentiate between 2 adjacent objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Micrometer?

A

1x10-6 m.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a Nanometer?

A

1x10-9 m.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a Light Microscope?

A

A type of microscope with a condenser, objective lens, and eyepiece lens, using light to visualize thin specimens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an Electron Microscope?

A

A microscope that uses beams of electrons to visualize structures in a vacuum, offering higher resolution than light microscopes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

A

A type of electron microscope that bounces beams of electrons off the surface of an object to develop a 3D image.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

A

A type of electron microscope that assesses a beam of electrons through a very thin section of specimen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Cell Fractionation?

A

The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Homogenation?

A

The first stage of cell fractionation when cells are broken up by a homogeniser and organelles are released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Ultracentrifugation?

A

The second stage of cell fractionation when fragments are separated in a centrifuge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Graticule?

A

A series of lines on a microscope used to calculate the size of objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Eukaryote?

A

A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and chromosomes, along with various membrane-bound organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an Organelle?

A

A part of a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

Organelle which contains the hereditary material (DNA) that codes for protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Mitochondria?

A

Organelle where energy is released in aerobic respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a Chloroplast?

A

Organelle that is the site of photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

A

Organelle providing a large surface area for protein synthesis and transport.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

A

Organelle where lipids and carbohydrates are synthesized, stored, and transported.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Golgi?

A

Organelle that modifies, stores, and packages proteins and lipids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a Lysosome?

A

Organelle formed by vesicles from the Golgi that digests unwanted materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a Ribosome?

A

Organelle where protein synthesis occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a Cell Wall?
Organelle providing mechanical strength to prevent cell bursting, made of cellulose in plants.
26
What is a Vacuole?
Organelle that contains a solution of minerals, sugars, and wastes, supporting plant cells.
27
What is a Tissue?
A collection of similar cells performing a specific function.
28
What is an Organ?
A combination of different tissues coordinated to perform functions.
29
What is an Organ System?
Many organs working together to perform a particular function.
30
What is a Prokaryote?
A cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, e.g., bacteria.
31
What is a Bacteria?
A type of prokaryote.
32
What is a Plasmid?
Small circular loops of DNA containing genes in bacteria.
33
What is a Flagellum?
Part of a bacterial cell that aids in movement.
34
What is a Virus?
Acellular, non-living particles smaller than bacteria, containing DNA or RNA.
35
What is a Capsid?
A protein coat enclosing the nucleic acid in a virus.
36
What is an Attachment Protein?
Proteins on the capsid essential for virus attachment to host cells.
37
What is Mitosis?
The type of nuclear division where daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent.
38
What is a Daughter Cell?
Cells produced by cell division.
39
What is a Chromatid?
One of the two strands of a chromosome joined by a centromere.
40
What is a Centromere?
The place where two copies of DNA are joined after replication.
41
What is Interphase?
The period of the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing.
42
What is Prophase?
The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes become visible and spindle fibers develop.
43
What is Metaphase?
The second stage of mitosis where chromosomes arrange across the cell's equator.
44
What is Anaphase?
The third stage of mitosis where centromeres divide and chromatids are pulled apart.
45
What is Telophase?
The fourth stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach poles and the nuclear envelope reforms.
46
What is Cytokinesis?
The process of cytoplasm division.
47
What are Spindle Fibres?
Structures that pull chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.
48
What are Centrioles?
Where spindle fibers develop from in animal cells.
49
What is the Equator in mitosis?
The region where chromosomes arrange during metaphase.
50
What is Binary Fission?
The process of cell division in prokaryotic cells.
51
What is Cancer?
A group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth due to genetic damage.
52
What is a Tumour?
A group of abnormal cells that develops and expands in size.
53
What is a Plasma Membrane?
Membranes consisting of a phospholipid bilayer found around all cells.
54
What is a Phospholipid?
Triglyceride with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate molecule, important in membrane structure.
55
What is a Bilayer?
A membrane consisting of two layers of phospholipids.
56
What is a Protein Channel?
A protein spanning the phospholipid bilayer that allows water-soluble ions to diffuse across.
57
What is a Carrier Protein?
A protein that binds to ions or molecules and changes shape to move them across the membrane.
58
What is a Glycoprotein?
Carbohydrate chains attached to proteins that act as recognition sites on cell membranes.
59
What is a Glycolipid?
A carbohydrate covalently bonded with a lipid that helps maintain membrane stability.
60
What is Cholesterol?
A lipid that adds strength to cell-surface membranes; excess can lead to atheroma.
61
What is Permeability?
Depends on the size, polarity, and charge of a molecule for passing through the cell membrane.
62
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
The arrangement of various molecules in the cell-surface membrane, allowing movement.
63
What is Diffusion?
The net movement of molecules from high to low concentration, a passive process.
64
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
Diffusion involving protein carriers for passive movement of substances across membranes.
65
What is Osmosis?
The passage of water from a higher to a lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane.
66
What is Water Potential?
The pressure created by water molecules, measuring the extent to which a solution gives out water.
67
What is Isotonic?
A solution with the same water potential as the cell.
68
What is Active Transport?
Movement of a substance from low to high concentration, requiring ATP.
69
What is Co-transport?
The coupled transport of one substance with another across a plasma membrane.
70
What is a Pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease.
71
What is Self in immunology?
The body’s own cells and molecules.
72
What is Foreign (non-self)?
Cells and molecules that are not part of the body.
73
What is an Antigen?
A molecule that triggers an immune response by lymphocytes.
74
What is a Lymphocyte?
A type of white blood cell responsible for the immune response.
75
What is a Phagocyte?
A type of white blood cell that ingests and breaks down pathogens.
76
What is Phagocytosis?
The mechanism by which phagocytes engulf particles to form a vesicle.
77
What is a Phagosome?
A vesicle formed when a bacterium is engulfed by a phagocyte.
78
What is Antigen-presentation?
When an antigen-presenting cell displays foreign antigens on its membrane.
79
What is Cell-mediated immunity?
The response when T lymphocytes react to presented antigens.
80
What are T Cells?
Cells associated with cell-mediated immunity that mature in the thymus.
81
What is Clonal Selection?
The activation and rapid division of T cells in response to an antigen.
82
What are TH cells (helper T cells)?
T cells that respond to a single antigen.
83
What are TC cells (cytotoxic T cells)?
T cells that kill abnormal and infected cells by producing perforin.
84
What is Humoral Immunity?
The immune response involving B lymphocytes and antibodies.
85
What are B Cells?
Cells that produce specific antibodies in response to antigens.
86
What are Plasma B Cells?
B cells that produce and secrete antibodies after activation.
87
What is an Antibody?
A protein produced by B cells that binds to specific antigens.
88
What are Memory B Cells?
B cells that respond quickly to future infections by the same pathogen.
89
What are Monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
90
What is the Primary Response?
The initial immune response to an antigen involving antibody production.
91
What is the Secondary Response?
The faster immune response to a second exposure to an antigen.
92
What is Passive immunity?
Resistance acquired from the introduction of antibodies from another individual.
93
What is Active immunity?
Resistance resulting from the individual's own immune response to an antigen.
94
What is Natural immunity?
Active immunity resulting from an individual becoming infected naturally.
95
What is Artificial immunity?
Active immunity resulting from vaccination.
96
What is Vaccination?
The introduction of a vaccine to induce artificial immunity.
97
What is Herd immunity?
When a large proportion of the population is vaccinated, reducing pathogen spread.
98
What is Antigenic variability?
Frequent mutations in pathogens leading to changes in antigens.
99
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS, containing RNA and enzymes.
100
What is Reverse transcriptase?
An enzyme in HIV that enables DNA production from RNA.
101
What is a Retrovirus?
A group of viruses that can make DNA from RNA.
102
What is mRNA?
A single-stranded polynucleotide found in HIV.
103
What is AIDS?
The disease caused by HIV.
104
What is an ELISA test?
A test using antibodies to detect the presence of proteins in a sample.
105
What is an Antibiotic?
A substance produced by living organisms that inhibits microorganism growth.

biology key words (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions