Topic 1 - Basic Chemistry Review, Cells & Tissues Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
Ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter. Contain a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and surrounding electrons. The number of protons and electrons are equal.
A
Atoms
2
Q
When two or more atoms bond to form a stable structure.
A
Molecule
3
Q
A substance made of different atoms (e.g. H2O, CH4).
A
Compound
4
Q
A substance made entirely of the same atoms (e.g. oxygen).
A
Element
5
Q
An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons (it therefore has a positive and negative charge).
A
Ion
6
Q
An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron.
A
Free Radical
7
Q
There is energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. A ________ ________ occurs when these bonds are formed or are broken.
A
Chemical Reaction
8
Q
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body.
A
Metabolism
9
Q
The building phase of metabolism. Simple molecules are combined to make more complex ones. This requires/uses energy.
A
Anabolism
10
Q
The breaking down phase of metabolism. Complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones. This produces/releases energy.
A
Catabolism
11
Q
The “energy currency” of the body that provides a form of energy that is usable by all cells.
A
ATP (aka. Adenosine Triphosphate)
12
Q
The energy stored in ATP is “_____” to perform many very important body functions including:
- Muscle contraction
- Cell division
- Movement of substances across cell membranes
- Making larger molecules out of smaller molecules
A
“Spent”
13
Q
The energy needed to reform ATP is “______” by breaking down (catabolizing) food.
A
“Gained”
14
Q
The process of getting the energy needed to perform various functions by breaking ATP which releases energy.
A
Consuming / “Spending” ATP
15
Q
The process of attaching the phosphate back onto ADP to reform ATP which requires energy.
A
Reforming / “Gaining” ATP
16
Q
What 3 substances do cells get energy from?
A
1) Carbohydrates
2) Fats
3) Proteins
17
Q
Substances used to make energy or reform ATP.
A
Energy Substrates
18
Q
Depending on the cell, the demand for energy and the energy substrates available, different substrates will be used.
A
Cellular Preference
19
Q
A series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP.
A
Cellular Respiration
20
Q
Cellular respiration that happens without oxygen present/used.
A
Anaerobic
21
Q
Cellular respiration that happens with oxygen present/being used.
A
Aerobic
22
Q
With ____________ metabolism, cells use glycogen or blood glucose and the energy released in breaking it down is used to reform ADP + Pi into ATP. This is the preferred energy substrate.
A
Carbohydrate Metabolism
23
Q
The process of making ATP from glucose, occurring in the cell cytoplasm. A molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP.
A
Glycolysis
24
Q
Glycolysis in which pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and a series of reactions yield 26-28 more ATP. This occurs in the ________ of oxygen.
A
Presence
25
Glycolysis in which pyruvic acid does not go into the mitochondria. It is converted into lactic acid, which quickly converts to lactate. This occurs in the _______ of oxygen.
Absence
26
The process of fat being used to generate ATP, but only in the presence of oxygen.
Fat Metabolism
27
The breakdown of stored fat into glycerol and fatty acids, which can be used to make ATP. The amount of ATP generated depends on the size of the fat.
Lipolysis
28
Liver cells make ______ ______, which are used by other cells (e.g. heart, nervous system, kidneys) to make ATP.
Ketone Bodies
29
The process of proteins being broken down into amino acids. This takes longer and produces extra wastes. Only small amounts are used to generate ATP.
Protein Metabolism
30
Substances needed for body structure and function.
Nutrients
31
A key element that cells need in order to function.
Oxygen
32
Compounds that contain no carbon, such as water, acids, bases and many salts.
Inorganic Compounds
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Accounts for about 65% of body weight and nearly all chemical reactions occur in this.
Water
34
A mixture of two or more substances.
Solution
35
The part of a solution that dissolves the substance of lesser amount (usually the greater amount).
Solvent
36
The part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount).
Solute
37
When inorganic compounds dissolve in water, they __________ into ions and become surrounded by water molecules.
Dissociate
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A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+).
Acid
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A substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-).
Base
40
A substance dissociates into positive or negative ions (no H+ or OH-).
Salt
41
The more hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more ______ it is.
Acidic
42
The more hydroxide ions (OH-) dissolved in a solution, the more _____ it is.
Basic (aka. Alkaline)
43
The scale in which acids and bases are ranked depending on how strong or weak they are. Values range from 0-14, with 7 being neutral. The body doesn't tolerate significant changes in this.
pH Scale
44
Compounds containing carbon, such as ATP, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
Organic
45
Large, complex molecule structures made up of amino acids.
Proteins
46
Match the different types of proteins with their role.
1) Contractile
2) Transport
3) Structural
4) Immunological
5) Catalytic
6) Regulatory
A) Framework of body parts
B) Hormones
C) Shorten muscle cells
D) Regulate chemical reactions
E) Carry substances in the body
F) Help fight invading pathogens
1) Contractile = C) Shorten muscle cells
2) Transport = E) Carry substances in the body
3) Structural = A) Framework of body parts
4) Immunological = F) Help fight invading pathogens
5) Catalytic = D) Regulate chemical reactions
6) Regulatory = B) Hormones
47
Fats and other fat-like substances that are necessary for many different body functions.
Lipids
48
Energy substrates of lipids.
Fatty Acids
49
The storage form of excess calories in lipids.
Triglycerides
50
Function primarily as an energy substrate and include sugars and starches.
Carbohydrates
51
What is the storage form of glucose?
Glycogen
52
What are 2 types of nucleic acids?
1) DNA
2) RNA
53
Your genetic material that controls most cell activities and is stored in the nucleus.
DNA
54
Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis.
RNA
55
The smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life.
Cell
56
A group of similar cells that perform a similar function.
Tissue
57
What are the 4 major groups of tissue?
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscular
4) Nervous
58
Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and forms glands (e.g. skin, inner surface of stomach).
Epithelial
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Tissue that gives structure and connects things (e.g. fascia).
Connective
60
Specialized tissue that uses ATP to produce force or contract.
Muscular
61
Tissue that helps make up the nervous system.
Nervous
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A part of the body composed of at least two different kinds of tissue. All the tissues involved that contribute to a specific function or activity.
Organ
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A group of organs related to each other that perform functions together.
Organ System
64
Organ systems operating together.
Organism
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The condition of balance in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many internal regulatory processes. The different parts of the body operate within specific parameters and mechanisms keep the internal environment within those limits.
Homeostasis
66
The body is _______ and all structures contribute to maintaining homeostasis. When something disrupts homeostasis, there are mechanisms that will have the ________ effect. Most disruptions are mild and _________ and the return to homeostasis is relatively quick.
Dynamic
Opposite
Temporary
67
A cycle of events in which the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated, etc.
Feedback Systems (aka. Loops)
68
The variable being monitored (e.g. body temperature).
Controlled Condition
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Whatever disrupts or changes the controlled condition. These disruptions can be internal or external.
Stimulus
70
What are the 4 components of a feedback system?
1) Sensor/Receptor
2) Transmission Pathways
3) Control Centre
4) Effector(s)
71
A structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition. They detect chemical, electrical and mechanical changes. It sends information to the control centre via a transmission pathway.
Sensor/Receptor
72
The nervous and blood vessel pathways that relay messages between the components of a feedback system.
Transmission Pathways
73
Comprises the nervous and endocrine systems and sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained. Evaluates the input received, determines the body's response, and sends commands.
Control Centre
74
The structure that produces a response to a given stimulus based on the commands it receives.
Effector
75
The inside of the body is not _______, therefore homeostatic mechanisms also function to maintain key differences in the body.
Uniform
76
Reverse changes in the internal environment. They are very stable and the most predominant system.
Negative Feedback System
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Strengthen changes in the internal environment. They are inherently unstable and the most uncommon system. Must have a mechanism that shuts down the response.
Positive Feedback System
78
The adjustment of an organism to its environment for a good reason.
Adaptation
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The adjustment of an organism to counterbalance a defect.
Compensation
80
A flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents that separates the cell from the external environment. Contains membrane proteins and is involved in communication between cells and their environment.
Plasma (aka. Cell) Membrane
81
Allowing some substances to pass through (in and out) and not others.
Selectively Permeable
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Fluid inside the cell.
Intracellular Fluid (aka. Cytosol)
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Fluid inside the cell.
Intracellular Fluid (aka. Cytosol)
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Fluid outside the cell containing many substances that the cell extracts based on its needs.
Extracellular Fluid
85
Fluid outside the cell containing many substances that the cell extracts based on its needs.
Extracellular Fluid
86
What are the 3 types of extracellular fluid?
1) Interstitial Fluid
2) Plasma
3) Cerebrospinal Fluid
87
Extracellular fluid that exists between cells.
Interstitial Fluid
88
Extracellular fluid in blood vessels.
Plasma
89
Extracellular fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
90
Proteins embedded within the membrane or attached to one side of the membrane (inside or outside).
Membrane Proteins
91
________ proteins function as:
- Selective channels
- Receptors
- Identify the cell
- Strengthen & support cell membranes
Membrane
92
Finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area and absorption of nutrients.
Microvilli
93
The contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane, not including the nucleus). Functions as storage and cell metabolism.
Cytoplasm
94
What are the 2 components of the cytoplasm?
1) Intracellular Fluid/Cytosol
2) Organelles
95
A network of protein filaments within the cytosol.
Cytoskeleton
96
Some functions of the ____________ include:
- Structural framework for cell shape
- Scaffold for the organization & movement of organelles
- Force transmission
- Cell movement
Cytoskeleton
97
A rounded structure usually located near the centre of the cell that is responsible for the cell's metabolism, growth and reproduction. Contains the cell's DNA.
Nucleus
98
Nuclei are present in all human cells except for ___ _____cells.
Red Blood
99
The site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
100
The site of protein synthesis where ribosomes are attached.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)
101
Makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)
102
Processes, sorts, packages and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell.
Golgi Complex (aka. Apparatus, Body)
103
Break down substances that the cell has taken in or normal parts of the cell that are damaged.
Lysosomes
104
Power plants of the cell that transform organic compounds into ATP that is easily accessible to the cell.
Mitochondria
105
Short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell. Their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface.
Cilia
106
Similar to cilia, but longer and they move the cell.
Flagella
107
What are the 2 types of membrane transport?
1) Passive Transport
2) Active Transport
108
A type of membrane transport in which no energy is needed to move the substance across a membrane down its concentration gradient.
Passive Transport
109
A type of membrane transport in which energy is needed to move the substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient.
Active Transport
110
A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another. It is formed and maintained by moving substances in and out, as well as being selectively permeable.
Concentration Gradient
111
What are the 2 types of passive transport?
1) Diffusion
2) Osmosis
112
Movement of molecules across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion
113
A type of diffusion in which molecules move straight through the plasma membrane.
Simple Diffusion
114
A type of diffusion in which molecules go through membrane proteins across the plasma membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
115
Movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Osmosis
116
T/F - Osmosis only occurs when a membrane is permeable to water and not to certain solutes.
True
117
What are the 3 types of active transport?
1) Endocytosis
2) Phagocytosis
3) Exocytosis
118
A fast way of moving substances.
Transport in Vesicles
119
A small spherical sac.
Vesicle
120
A type of active transport in which extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis
121
A type of active transport in which vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell.
Exocytosis
122
A type of active transport and a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles like bacteria, viruses and worn-out cells.
Phagocytosis
123
What are the 3 types of cell junctions?
1) Tight Junctions
2) Anchoring Junctions
3) Gap Junctions
124
A type of junction that prevents the passage of substances between cells.
Tight Junctions
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A type of junction that anchors cells to one another.
Anchoring Junctions
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A type of junction that provides channels to allow substances to pass between cells, enabling rapid communication.
Gap Junctions
127
A type of tissue that functions as a selective barrier, secretory and protective surface. It has a free/apical, lateral and basal surface. It has no blood supply, but does have a nerve supply.
Epithelial Tissue
128
A thin layer that anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue. It provides a surface for cell migration during growth and wound healing.
Basement Membrane
129
What are the 3 types of layering in epithelial tissue?
1) Simple
2) Pseudostratified
3) Stratified
130
A type of layering in epithelial tissue that is one layer and good for passage of substances.
Simple
131
A type of layering in epithelial tissue that is a single layer where not all cells reach the free surface. Some have cilia and goblet cells.
Pseudostratified
132
What are the 3 shapes in epithelial tissue?
1) Squamous
2) Cuboidal
3) Columnar
133
A type of shape in epithelial tissue that is flat and thin. Helps with rapid movement of substances or protection depending on the layering.
Squamous
134
A type of shape in epithelial tissue that is cube or hexagon shaped. Free surface may have microvilli that are good for secretion/absorption.
Cuboidal
135
A type of shape in epithelial tissue that is taller than wide. Free surface may have cilia or microvilli that are good for secretion/absorption.
Columnar
136
One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.
Gland
137
What are the 2 kinds of glands?
1) Exocrine
2) Endocrine
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A type of gland that secretes their products into ducts (tubes) that empty onto the epithelial surface.
Exocrine Glands
139
A type of gland that secretes their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct.
Endocrine Glands
140
A tissue made of extracellular matrix and cells that function as protection, support, binding, transportation, energy and immunity. Most have good blood and nerve supply.
Connective Tissue
141
Contains protein fibres and ground substance.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
142
What are the 3 types of protein fibres?
1) Collagen
2) Elastin
3) Reticular
143
A protein fibre that is white, very strong and resists tensile forces.
Collagen
144
A law in which the arrangement of fibres is determined by the forces acting on them.
Wolff's Law
145
A protein fibre that is yellow, smaller than collagen and strong but stretchy.
Elastin
146
A protein fibre that is thin, fine collagen fibres that form branching networks.
Reticular
147
A type of layering in epithelial tissue that is more than one layer and is good for protection.
Stratified
148
May be fluid, gel-like or calcified and it supports the cells and through it. Substances are exchanged between the blood and the cells.
Ground Substance
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150
Some different types of __________ tissue cells are:
- Blasts
- Macrophages
- Plasma cells
- Mast cells
- Adipocytes
Connective
151
A type of connective tissue cell that helps to make something. Each major type of connective tissue contains these cells.
Blasts
152
A type of blast cell that is found in loose and dense connective tissue. They make collagen, elastin and reticular fibres.
Fibroblasts
153
A type of blast cell that helps to make bone.
Osteoblasts
154
A type of blast cell that helps to make cartilage.
Chondroblasts
155
A type of connective tissue cell that eats harmful bacteria and cleans up cellular debris.
Macrophages
156
A type of connective tissue cell that is part of the immune response and secretes antibodies to protect you from invaders.
Plasma Cells
157
A type of connective tissue cell that makes histamine, which is part of the inflammatory response.
Mast Cells
158
A type of connective tissue cell that stores fat.
Adipocytes
159
Some different types of __________ tissue are:
- Loose
- Dense
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Liquid
Connective
160
A type of connective tissue that has more cells and fewer fibres, which are loosely intertwined.
Loose
161
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?
1) Areolar
2) Adipose
3) Reticular
162
A type of loose connective tissue that is the most widely distributed connective tissue in the body. Its functions include strength, elasticity and support.
Areolar
163
A type of loose connective tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes and is located beneath the skin/around some organs. Its functions include thermoregulation, energy, support and protection.
Adipose
164
A type of loose connective tissue that is located in structures that have a filtering component (e.g. liver, spleen, lymph nodes). Forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells and filters/removes old blood cells and microbes.
Reticular
165
A type of connective tissue that has fewer cells and more fibres that are mostly collagen.
Dense
166
What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?
1) Regular
2) Irregular
3) Elastic
167
A type of dense connective tissue in which collagen is arranged in parallel patterns. It is located in tendons and most ligaments. Functions include being very strong but pliable.
Regular
168
A type of dense connective tissue in which collagen is arranged in random patterns. It is located in areas needing structure/support, as well as areas subject to many forces.
Irregular
169
A type of dense connective tissue in which there is a high elastin content contributing to stretchiness. It is located in lung tissue, arteries and ligaments between vertebrae.
Elastic
170
A type of connective tissue that has fewer cells with large amounts of collagen fibres. The matrix is filled with calcium phosphate salts, making it very hard. Function as protection, support and movement.
Bone (aka. Osseous Tissue)
171
A type of connective tissue that is strong and resilient. The cells are called chondrocytes and the ground substance has large amounts of collagen and elastin. It is avascular and aneural.
Cartilage
172
What are the 3 types of cartilage connective tissue?
1) Hyaline
2) Fibro
3) Elastic
173
A type of cartilage connective tissue that is most common in the body, has a blue-white appearance when healthy and helps form articulations. Functions include flexibility, support and shock absorption.
Hyaline
174
A type of cartilage connective tissue that is tougher, located between vertebrae (e.g. IVDs) and functions as support.
Fibro
175
A type of cartilage connective tissue that has more elastin fibres, is part of the external ear for example and functions as support/flexibility while keeping shape.
Elastic
176
A type of liquid connective tissue in which cells are surrounded by plasma and contain red & white blood cells, as well as platelets. Functions as a transport system.
Blood
177
A type of liquid connective tissue that is a plasma-like fluid functioning in immunity, transportation and fluid regulation.
Lymph
178
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac
179
A type of muscle tissue that is striated, cells are long/cylindrical and the shape is defined by connective tissue. It also attaches to the skeleton (some attach to skin). Functions include movement and heat production. This tissue is under voluntary control.
Skeletal (aka. Striated Muscle)
180
A type of muscle tissue that is found in the walls of hollow tubes, is under involuntary control and the cells are spindle shaped. Functions include constriction of tubes and movement of substances through tubes.
Smooth
181
A type of muscle tissue that is branched striated fibres that fit together tightly. They are under involuntary control and functions include blood flow/propulsion.
Cardiac
182
What are the 2 types of nervous tissue cells?
1) Neuroglia
2) Neurons
183
A nervous tissue cell that supports, nourishes and protects the nervous system.
Neuroglia
184
A nervous tissue cell that is the communicative portion of the nervous system.
Neuron (aka. Nerve Cell)
185
Part of a neuron that has multiple or single extensions off the cell body and functions as the input portion.
Dendrite
186
A part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles. It is known as the "control centre" and carries out the cell processes (e.g. protein synthesis).
Cell Body (aka. Soma, Perikaryon)
187
Part of a neuron that is a thin cylindrical process off the cell body. Functions as the output portion.
Axon
