Topic 4 - Skeletal System

Question 1

Some different functions of ____ include:
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral homeostasis
- Blood cell production
- Storage

Answer 1

Bone

Question 2

The long main portion of the bone.

Answer 2

Diaphysis (aka. Body, Shaft)

Question 3

The ends of the bone and each long bone has 2 of these structures.

Answer 3

Epiphyses

Question 4

The regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses, where you get the tapering/expansion. Each long bone has 2 of these structures.

Answer 4

Metaphyses

Question 5

A cartilagenous area within the metaphysis of a growing bone in an adolescent. Fracturing a bone as an adolescent can cause damage to this area.

Answer 5

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Question 6

The remaining structure once growth stops and is found in a skeletally mature person.

Answer 6

Epiphyseal Line

Question 7

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses.

Answer 7

Articular Cartilage

Question 8

A tough connective tissue covering that surrounds every part of bone, except where there is cartilage. It is well vascularized and innervated. It protects, nourishes and heals bone, while also providing an attachment for tendons and ligaments.

Answer 8

Periosteum

Question 9

The _____ layer of the periosteum is tough, supportive and protective.

Answer 9

Outer

Question 10

The _____ layer of the periosteum has bone forming cells.

Answer 10

Inner

Question 11

The space within the diaphysis containing 2 substances.

Answer 11

Medullary (aka. Marrow) Cavity

Question 12

What are the 2 substances found in the medullary cavity?

Answer 12

1) Red Marrow
2) Yellow Marrow

Question 13

A substance found in the medullary cavity for blood cell formation.

Answer 13

Red Marrow

Question 14

A substance found in the medullary cavity for fat storage.

Answer 14

Yellow Marrow

Question 15

Bone is classified as dense __________ tissue.

Answer 15

Connective

Question 16

Bone is classified as:
- Water ( ___%)
- Collagen ( ___%)
- Mineral salts (___%)

Answer 16

25%
25%
50%

Question 17

Some different types of ____ cells are:
- Osteoprogenitor (aka. Osteogenic) cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts

Answer 17

Bone

Question 18

Bone cells that are active during normal growth, healing and cyclical bone replacement.

Answer 18

Osteoprogenitor (aka. Osteogenic) Cells

Question 19

Bone building cells.

Answer 19

Osteoblasts

Question 20

Mature bone cells.

Answer 20

Osteocytes

Question 21

Bone “eating” cells that are responsible for breaking down or cleaning up bone.

Answer 21

Osteoclasts

Question 22

What are the 2 types of bone?

Answer 22

1) Compact
2) Spongy

Question 23

The external layer of all bones that provides protection and support. This is what the periosteum is bound to.

Answer 23

Compact (aka. Cortical, Dense) Bone

Question 24

The functional unit of compact bone that has a cylindrical structure.

Answer 24

Osteon (aka. Haversian Systems)

Question 25

A hole through the centre of the osteon, through which blood and lymphatic vessels run.

Answer 25

Central (aka. Haversian) Canal

Question 26

Rings of hard, calcified bone matrix around the central canal that make up the osteon.

Answer 26

Concentric Lamellae

Question 27

Spaces between the rings (concentric lamellae) containing osteocytes.

Answer 27

Lacunae

Question 28

Small channels sticking out in all directions from the lacunae that are filled with extracellular fluid. They allow osteocytes to communicate with each other and maintain homeostasis of a larger structure.

Answer 28

Canaliculi

Question 29

Holes which run transversely to connect the inner and outer portions of the bone.

Answer 29

Volkmann's (aka. Transverse Perforating) Canals

Question 30

A lighter type of bone that still has strength, and contains red bone marrow in the spaces. It is designed for lower stresses or stresses from different directions, therefore is found more at the ends of bone.

Answer 30

Spongy (aka Cancellous) Bone

Question 31

The functional unit of spongy bone that contain osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi.

Answer 31

Trabeculae

Question 32

T/F - Bone is not well vascularized.

Answer 32

False - Bone IS well vascularized.

Question 33

Arteries that enter the diaphysis at multiple points (Volkmann's canals) to supply the periosteum and outer compact bone.

Answer 33

Periosteal Arteries

Question 34

Arteries that enter the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen to supply the inner compact bone, spongy bone and red bone marrow.

Answer 34

Nutrient Arteries

Question 35

Arteries that supply the metaphysis.

Answer 35

Metaphyseal Arteries

Question 36

Arteries that supply the epiphysis.

Answer 36

Epiphyseal Arteries

Question 37

Bone is in a constant state of ___________.

Answer 37

Remodelling

Question 38

From birth to adolescence, bone growth is _______ than bone loss.

Answer 38

Greater

Question 39

Long bones lengthen through growth at the epiphyseal ______ ______ and get thicker by osteoblasts in the __________ laying new bone at the periphery.

Answer 39

Growth Plates Periosteum

Question 40

At what age does maximum bone density occur?

Answer 40

25

Question 41

In _____ adults, bone growth is about equal to bone loss.

Answer 41

Young

Question 42

From ______ age, bone loss exceeds bone growth and this can be affected by changes in ____ and lifestyle.

Answer 42

Middle Diet