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Biology > Topic 1 - Biodiversity Of Micro Organisms > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Biodiversity Of Micro Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic - cell with membrane bound organelles and a nucleus eg fungi
Prokaryotic - no membrane, no nucleus, bound organelles e.g. Bacteria

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2
Q

What is saprophytic

A

Feeds on dead decaying matter

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3
Q

What is cilia

A

Short motile hair like structure on cell surface

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4
Q

Why are viruses considered to be obligate intramuscular parasites?

A

They can only multiply by using a host cell

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5
Q

Why might viruses be classified as non living?

A

Because they are obligate intramuscular parasites

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6
Q

Why are viruses described as being parasitic

A

Because the organism that the virus is living off is harmed

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7
Q

What is a retrovirus ?

A

A virus that contains an inner core of rna

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8
Q

What is the nucleic acid surrounded by and why?

A

Outer protein coat/capsule to protects its genetic material

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9
Q

List viruses characteristics

A

1: Acellular
2: Extremely small
3: Diff shapes
4: don’t produce own energy
5: Can’t reproduce with out host cell
6: Parasitic
7: Ability to assemble themselves
8: pathogens cause decease

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10
Q

Why are bacteria classified as prokaryotic?

A

The don’t contain membrane bound organelles

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11
Q

To which kingdom does bacteria belong to?

A

Kingdom Monera

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12
Q

What are flagella and pili used for?

A

Moving and attaching themselves to other cells

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13
Q

What is the function of the slime capsule in a bacterium?

A

To prevent it from drying out

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14
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Asexually and binary fusion in favourable conditions

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15
Q

Name the 3 bacterial shapes

A

Coccus- sphere
Bacillus- rod
Spirillus- spiral

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16
Q

What’s the difference between photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria?

A

Photosynthetic gets energy from the sun

Chemosynthetic gets energy from inorganic chemicals e.g. Converts nitrites to nitrates

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17
Q

What is a protist?

A

Animal like protist, plant like protist, fungus like protist

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18
Q

What are the main differences between the plant like, animal like and fungus like protist

A

Animal like - heterotrophic or parasitic
Plant like - autotrophic
Fungus like - decomposers heterotrophs

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19
Q

How do protist differ in structure from bacteria?

A

Protist are eukaryotic and bacteria is prokaryotic

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20
Q

What are the 2 groups fungi?

A

Unicellular- yeast

Multicellular- mushroom

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21
Q

What is the fungi wall structure made of?

A

Chitin - same substance of exoskeleton

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22
Q

What is mycelium?

A

Multicellular fungi made up of branched intertwining threads called hyphae. All hyphae together is mycelium

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23
Q

Why are fungi heterotrophic saprophytes?

A

They feed on dead decaying matter

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24
Q

What is multinucleate?

A

Contains many nuclei

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25
How do fungi reproduce ?
Sexually or asexually
26
Name and explain 3 ways microorganism obtain energy
1 use energy from the sun turn carbon dioxide and water into sugars 2 use energy from chemical reactions together with CO2, H2O to create sugars and other byproducts 3 use organic compounds to obtain energy and create byproducts
27
Give 3 examples of microorganism that form mutualistic relationships
Bacteria, algae, diatoms
28
Give 3 examples of microorganism that form parasitic relationships
Viruses, pathogens, Candida albicans
29
Give 3 ways protist are ecologically important
Maintain oxygen levels in the atmosphere Filtering agent Decomposers
30
What would happen to the atmosphere if algae were killed?
Algae will stop producing oxygen therefore oxygen levels will drop and it'll be dangerous
31
What is humus
Dead and decaying organic matter in the soil
32
Give 3 ways bacteria improves the economy
Source of energy gives off oxygen as a byproduct Keeps surface of earth clear of dead bodies bc of decomposition Returns the nitrate to soil after decomposition
33
Why is the relationship between bacteria and rot nodules or legumes mutualistic?
The bacteria changes free nitrogen into ammonia and amino acids plants use for growth, protein synthesis Bacteria in return are protected and carbs from the plant
34
Why do plants need nitrogen?
So the dan be converted into ammonia and amino acids so they can grow
35
What form of nitrogen is usable for plants?
Ammonia
36
Why is the E. coli and human intestine mutualistic?
Bacteria gets energy to multiply and grow and intestine gets extra vitamins helps with absorption
37
How do cows benefit from having bacteria in their rumens
Breaks down and digests its cellulose in plants animals eat
38
What do rabies and hiv have in common?
They are both controlled by rna
39
Which system dies rabies affect?
The nervous system
40
Why does rabies come from the Latin word madness?
Because it causes mammals to become mentally disturbed and aggressive
41
Why do rabies victims suffer from hydrophobia?
The can't swallow and panic when they are given water
42
Why is vaccinating animals prevent diseases from spreading?
Then the animal can't pass it on to its owner
43
When did doctors first detect aids?
1981
44
What does aids stand for?
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
45
How is HIV spread between people?
Unprotected sex Sharing needles Children from pregnant mother
46
How does HIV destroy the immune system?
It attracts the white blood cells the T- lymphocytes the cells that activate an important part of the immune system
47
Name 3 ways to avoid AIDS, HIV
Avoiding unprotected sex and having only one sexual partner Testing Antiretroviral
48
What is antiretroviral drug?
Medicine that stops viruses like HIV from multiplying
49
What are opportunistic infections?
Infections that aren't dangerous but affect you when you have a low immune system like thrush
50
How do antiretroviral drugs slow down the spread of HIV?
Converts HIV RNA into HIV DNA which combines with the DNA of t lymphocytes and makes new virus
51
What the difference between cold and flu?
Cold is caused by rhinovirus and coronavirus flu by influenza viruses
52
How does flu spread and how can we prevent it?
``` Tiny air droplets of saliva when someone with flu coughs and sneezes Use antiviral drugs Cover mouth when cough Avoid sick ppl Clean hands Keep surface clean ```
53
Which group of people are more vulnerable to severe flu?
Children, pregnant women and elderly
54
Why do people get flu more easily in winter?
Because they stay indoors with closed windows
55
Why do doctors prescribe antibiotics for flu?
To reduce chance of secondary bacterial infections
56
What are the signs and symptoms of bacterial blight?
Small green watery spots Tissue die turning spots brown and irregular blotches Wilt and die
57
What are the causes of bacterial blight?
Wet or moist conditions for too long Need space around them Rotate crops Intercropping
58
Why is oral rehydration successful in treating cholera
Cholera cause severe dehydration because have watery diarrhoea and vomiting
59
Why is cholera mainly found in developing countries?
Lack of treated water supply and no sanitation
60
How do bacteria spread
From one person to another through the air
61
Why are people with AIDS/HIV more likely to get TB?
Because HIV weakens the immune system
62
Why has it become difficult to treat tb with time?
It becomes resistant to the drug.
63
How is anthrax passed to humans?
They make spores that if we inhale swallow or come into contact we get it
64
How do domestic animals get infected?
Pick up from soil where spores lie dormant
65
Name the 3 types of anthrax
Skin, digestive system, respiratory system
66
Who should be vaccinated against anthrax?
Cattle, people working in high risk situations e.g. With hides, wool or soldiers
67
Why does a person with malaria become jaundiced and anaemic?
Jaundiced because of liver damage | Red blood cells more infected leads to anaemia
68
What should a person going somewhere with malaria do
Use insecticide e.g. DDT
69
Why does malaria use a host cell
It's parasitic lives off a host and host is harmed
70
What are the two hosts needed to complete life cycle of a plasmodium?
Human and female anopheles mosquitoes
71
What is the correct name for thrush?
Candidiasis
72
Why is trust mostly found in the thought and female genital?
Because it's warm and moist where thrush thrives
73
Why are males not infected as commonly as females?
Because it's not as dry and moist down there
74
What food encourages/ discourages thrush?
Encourage - fresh veg, fruit, yoghurt | Discourages - sugar, bread, carbs thrives on yeast
75
What is phagocytosis / active immunity
B lymphocytes detect foreign protein - antigens and produce own protein - antibodies. T lymphocytes destroy them and phagocyte engulf them
76
How does a vaccine protect the body?
It put the virus in the body the b lymphocytes detect and make antibodies and as soon as exposed t lymphocytes destroy them
77
What are anti biotics?
Substances that destroy micro organisms
78
How is insulin produced?
Secreted by pancreas to control sugar levels
79
Why is it better to inset human insulin into diabetes patients?
Chemically different in pigs and cows causing allergic reaction
80
How is yeast important in bread making?
Kick starry the process they convert sugar and maize into alcohol

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