Topic 5 - Animal Nutrition

Question 1

Where does absorption take place?

Answer 1

It can take place in stomach and mouth but mostly in the small intestine

Question 2

What is absorption?

Answer 2

Where products of digestion move through the wall of the digestive tact into the blood vessels

Question 3

How is food digested in the stomach?

Answer 3

Food molecules (large organic molecules) are digested chemically by enzymes into smaller food molecules

Question 4

Which four characteristics in the wall of the intestine are needed for absorption to take place?

Answer 4

1: large surface area
2: thin surface
3: close contact with surface and substance being absorbed
4: Transport system for nutrients to be transported to needing cell

Question 5

How long is the small intestine

Answer 5

7 m long

Question 6

What is the finger like structure in the folded wal of the intestine called

Answer 6

Sing- villus pl- villi

Question 7

What are these villi lined with?

Answer 7

A type of epithelium called columnar epithelium

Question 8

What is the outer membrane of the columnar epithelium facing the inside of the intestine folded into?

Answer 8

Microvilli

Question 9

Why is the wall folded twice?

Answer 9

To form a large surface area for absorption to take place

Question 10

Why does the columnar epithelium epithelium consist of only one layer of cells?

Answer 10

To make it easy for digested small molecules to be absorbed and move through the cell

Question 11

Why does the villi contain muscle strands?

Answer 11

To enable them to move and come into close contact with the microvilli

Question 12

What crypts are found in between the villi?

Answer 12

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Question 13

Why do the secrete mucus and produce new cells?

Answer 13

To replace those at the top of the villi

Question 14

What is on the inside of the villi?

Answer 14

Blood capillaries and lymph vessel called lacteal which transports fatty acids

Question 15

What do the capillaries transport to the absorbed food?

Answer 15

Glucose molecules and amino acids the end products of chemical digestion

Question 16

What does the lacteals transport?

Answer 16

Lipids via the lymphatic system to the blood

Question 17

What are the capillaries from the villi that join to form smaller vein called?

Answer 17

Venules

Question 18

What does the capillary transport

Answer 18

Monosaccharides and amino acids

Question 19

What does the goblet cell do?

Answer 19

Secretes mucus

Question 20

What does the epithelium form

Answer 20

A one cell thick wall of villus

Question 21

Venules join with other venules from the stomach to form what?

Answer 21

Hepatic portal vein. Hepatic refers to liver

Question 22

The system of capillaries and venules joining to for hepatic portal vain is called?

Answer 22

Hepatic portal system

Question 23

Why is the hepatic portal different from other veins?

Answer 23

It forms from a system of capillaries joining together and then divides into capillaries once it enters the liver other veins form capillaries but then transport blood to the heart

Question 24

What plays an important role in processing the food that’s been absorbed from the digestive system?

Answer 24

The liver

Question 25

What is assimilation?

Answer 25

When nutrients transported via the hepatic vein to all body cells and are used for various functions

Question 26

What happens after the small molecules of or nutrients have moved through the liver?

Answer 26

They are transported to the heart and other cells by the hepatic vein

Question 27

Why do muscle cells assimilate more glucose than skin cells?

Answer 27

Because they are more active and use. More energy

Question 28

Explain the process protein synthesis

Answer 28

When amino acids are absorbed by the cell where the assemble to form protein which can be enzymes, hormones or muscle protein

Question 29

Explain excess amino acids and deamination

Answer 29

Too many amino acids in the blood due to protein intake and deamination breaks down amino acids in the liver

Question 30

Explain the process of deamination

Answer 30

Amino acids compound removed to form ammonia which is converted to urea removed from body by urine through working in the kidney remaining amino acid converted into glucose

Question 31

What happens when there is too much glucose?

Answer 31

Liver turns it into glycogen which can turn back when needed.

Question 32

Explain the process detoxification

Answer 32

When body changes alcohol and drugs so they become harmless this is a hard process causing some parts of the liver to stop working

Question 33

When are hormones broken down?

Answer 33

After the have preformed their process in the body

Question 34

Insulin breaks down more quickly than?

Answer 34

Testosterone and oestrogen

Question 35

What happens when the digestive system can't digest?

Answer 35

The undigested waste is removed through process of egestion

Question 36

How is undigested food removed

Answer 36

Through the anus in form of faeces

Question 37

Cellulose which can't be digested is referred to as?

Answer 37

Roughage or fibre

Question 38

Humans can't have no enzymes to break down cellulose however....

Answer 38

We must still eat lots of fibre to prevent constipation

Question 39

Define homeostasis

Answer 39

A constant internal environment in human/animal

Question 40

Which 2 organs are responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood?

Answer 40

Liver and pancreas

Question 41

Which two hormones does the pancreas secrete while controlling the blood sugar?

Answer 41

Insulin and glucogon

Question 42

From where in the pancreas are the insulin glucagon secreted from?

Answer 42

Clumps of cell called Islets of langerhans

Question 43

What happens when the glucose levels blood increase to above normal?

Answer 43

Receptors secrete insulin which causes the liver to remove glucose from the blood and convert it to glycogen

Question 44

What happens when the glucose levels in the blood decrease?

Answer 44

Receptors react by secreting glucagon causing the liver to convert the glycogen back to glucose

Question 45

What happens with people with diabetes mellitus?

Answer 45

Insulin isn't secreted causing there to be a high level of glucose in the blood which can lead to kidney damage, blindness and death

Question 46

What causes diabetes ?

Answer 46

Bad eating habits, over weight and lack of exercise

Question 47

Why are animals heterotrophs?

Answer 47

They can't produce their own food they need to obtain nutrients from food the consume

Question 48

Name for processes involved in human nutrition

Answer 48

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion

Question 49

Define digestion

Answer 49

The breakdown of larger molecules into small ones

Question 50

Which organ plays a major role in assimilation?

Answer 50

The liver

Question 51

Why do we eat?

Answer 51

For energy and creativity maintain substances like enzymes and hormones

Question 52

What is a nutrient?

Answer 52

Any chemical that an organism needs to live and grow

Question 53

What does our digestive system/gut do to our food?

Answer 53

Breaks it down and concerts it into a form that the body can use to absorb

Question 54

What is ingestion?

Answer 54

Taking food into the body through the mouth

Question 55

How does chemical digestion work?

Answer 55

Food is broken into smaller molecules with the help of enzymes so they can move through the wall of small intestine into the blood vessels

Question 56

What is mechanical digestion?

Answer 56

When we chew our food to make it easier to swallow it's called mastication

Question 57

What is the bolus and what does it do?

Answer 57

A ball of food formed by the tongue and teeth. It's moved to the oesophagus when swallowed

Question 58

Explain antagonistically

Answer 58

When one muscle contracts the other one relaxes

Question 59

What is peristalsis?

Answer 59

The way the longitudinal and circular muscles in the gut wall contract antagonistically

Question 60

Where does churning take place and what is the food turned into when it's churned?

Answer 60

Movement from the stomach muscle and a liquid called chyme is made

Question 61

What control chemical break of food?

Answer 61

Enzymes

Question 62

Explain the 3 steps of chemical digestion with enzymes

Answer 62

In the mouth with enzyme in the saliva, cont in the stomach, completed in small intestine

Question 63

What is the optimum ph level in the stomach, mouth and small intestine

Answer 63

Mouth 6-7, stomach 3, small intestine 8