Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 1 - Cell biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells, e.g.

A

Simpler, smaller cells
bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells, e.g.

A

More complex cells
Animal and plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell membane job

A

Hold cell together and control what enters and leaves the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cytoplasm job

A

Jelly like substance where most chemical reactions take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How nerve cells are adapted (3)

A
  • Long axon allows impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the CNS
  • Dentrites (branched connections) conect to other nerve cels and form netwroks around the body
  • Myelin sheath insulates axon and speeds up transmission of impulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Importance of differentiation

A

Allows production of different tissues and organs that perorm various vital functions in the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How often do bacteria multiply and in what conditions

A

Once every 20 mnutes when there are enough nutrients and it is warm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 main cell cycle stages

A

1) Replication
2) Mitosis
3) Division of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Equation for time in phase of mitosis

A

Observed no. of cells at stage
—————————————— x total time of cell cycle
Total number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define magnification

A

Number of times bigger an image appears compared to size of real object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does an electron microsope work

A
  • Beams of electrons focused ysing magnets
  • Electrons hit fluorescent screen
  • Visible light is emitted
  • Image is produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is prokaryotic cell wall mafe of

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define reolution

A

Smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are genes

A

In chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What has to happen before mitosis

A
  • Cell grows and increases subcellular structures
  • DNA then dublicated and forms x shape chromosomes
  • Each arm is an exact double
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does dilute mean

A

Solution has less solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 2 places is DNA stored in prokaryotic cells

A

Plasmids
single loop of circular DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are plasmids and their role

A

Small O loop of DNA
Carry genes that provide genetic advantages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

4 ways sperms adapted

A

Streamline head to swim faster
Long tail to help swim to egg
Mitochondria in head for optimal energy
Contains enzyme that digests the cell membrane of an egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 ways muscle cells have adapted

A
  • Long for space to contract
    • Lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 root hair cell adaptations

A
  • Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil
  • Lots of mittochondria for active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is defferentiation

A

Process by which cells become specialised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do light microscopes work

A

-Beam of light passed through eypiece lens allowing specimen to be observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

4 advantages of light microscopes

A
  • Inexpensive
  • Easy to use
  • Portable
  • Observe ded and living specimins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Disadvantage of light microsopes

A

Limited resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Advantage of electron microsope

A

Greater magnification and resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How electron microsopes help cel knowledge

A

Allows for subcelllar strutures to be observed in detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

4 diadvantages of electron microscope

A
  • Expensive
  • Large soless portable
  • Require specialist training
  • Only dead specimins can be observed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Magnification euation

A

image/object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does bacteria multiply

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why steralise petri dish and culture medium before use

A

to kill any bacteria already present

32
Q

Why pass incolating loop through bunsen burner

A

Kil any bacteria on the loop

33
Q

Why secure petri dish with tape and store upside down

A
  • Stop bacteria in air contaminating
  • Not fully taped so can have O2 for aerobic respiration
  • Upside down so condensation doesnt form
34
Q

Incubation temperature at school and why

A

250 as any higher, harmful pathogens would grow

35
Q

Number of bacteria adfter 3 hours for population that divides every 15 minutes with 5 to begin

A

15m = 0.25h

3/0.25 = 12

5 x 212= 20480

36
Q

Whats a stem cell

A

An unspecialied cell capable of differentiating into other cel types and of self-renewal

37
Q

2 things embryonic stem cells can treat

A

paralysis

diabetes

38
Q

Where are adult stem cells

A

bone marrow

39
Q

where are plant stem cells

A

meristem

40
Q

Describe mitosis (6)

A
  • Chromosomes libe up at the centre of the cell
  • Spindle fibres pull them apart
  • 2 arms of each chromosome go to oppposite ends of the cell
  • Membrane forms around the new set of chromosomes
  • These become the nuclei of 2 new cells
  • Cytopasm and cell membrane divide into 2, providing 2 identical daughter cels
    *
41
Q

Describe bnary fission (4)

A
  • Circular DNA strands and plasmids replicate
  • Cell gets biger and DNA strands move to the opposite poles of the cell
  • Cytoplasm begins to divide and a new cell wall forms
  • Cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells with one cpy of singl strand of DNA and varied number of plasmids produced
42
Q

Example of active of transport in humans e.g.

A

Gut, where theres lower concentration of nutrients than in the blood, where they need to be

43
Q

1 mm in micro and nanometres

A

1000 micrometres

1000000 nanometres

44
Q

Permanent vacuole structure and job

A

contains cel sap, made of a weak solution of salt and sugar

supports cell and hold turgidity

45
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

46
Q

What does a large membrane to surface area do to diffusion rate and why

A

increase it as more particles can pass through at once

47
Q

What is the cell cyle

A

Series of 3 stages during ehich a cell divides

48
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where most aerobic respirations happen

49
Q

Ribosomes

A

Wherw protein synthesis happens

50
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid and made of cellulose

suport the cell

51
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

52
Q

5 organelles in bacteria

A

Cell wall

Cel membrane

cytoplasm

single strand of DNA

Plasmids

53
Q

organelle not in bacteria

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

Were are chromosomes

A

In the nucleus

55
Q

What do genes do

A

Control development of different characteristics

56
Q

How many copies of each chromosome do body cells have and where are they from

A

2 mother and father

57
Q

How many pairs pof chromosomes in humans

A

23

58
Q

What is mitosis

A

Stage of cell cyle when cell divides

59
Q

Why is mitosis done

A

To grow or replace damaged cells

60
Q

What does chromosome pair 23 determine

A

sex

61
Q

What is chromosome pair 23 if male

A

What does it mean if chromosome pair 23 is XY

62
Q

What is chromosome pair 23 if female

A

What does it mean if chromosme 23 is XX

63
Q

What is diffusion

A

Spreading out of particles from higher to lower concentration

64
Q

What states does diffusion happen in and why

A

Solutions and gases as they are both free to move about randomly

65
Q

Relationship between concentration gradient and diffusion rate

A

Bigger CG the faster the rate of diffusion

66
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion rate and why

A

Increases as more energy so particles move faster

67
Q

What molecules can diffuse through membrane + 4 examples

A

Very small

O2, Glucose, H2O, amino acids

68
Q

2 molecules that can’t diffuse through membrane

A

Startch and proteins

69
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water molecles accross a semi-permiable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concetration

70
Q

What is the division of prokaryotic cells called

A

Binary fission

71
Q

What is a solute

A

The substance that is dissolved

72
Q

What is a solvent

A

The substance in which the solute dissolves

73
Q

What is a hypertonic solution + what will happen to cell + why

A

Concentration gretaer outside the cell that inside

Animal cells become shrivvled

plant cells become plasmolised

74
Q

What is a hypotonic solution + what will happen to cell + why

A

Solutio is lower outside cel than inside the cell

Animal cell bursts : lysis

Plant cell beocmes turgid

75
Q

What is a isotonic solution + what will happen to cell + why

A

Solution concentration inside and outside of the cell are the same

Animal cells beocme flacid

plant cels become flacid

76
Q

Why can’t root hair cells use diffusion to get minerals

A

Conc of minerals is higher in cell than soil, so minerals would be moving out of the plant

77
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of particles throgh a semi permiable membrane agains the concentration gradient, from an area of low to high concentration using energy `

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions