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Biology > Topic 2 - Organisiation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisiation Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the effects of PH on enzymes

A

Too high, or low, the bonds in the enzyme are interfeared with so they become denatured and substrate can’t fit inside

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2
Q

Describe the process of blood flow in the heart (4)

A
  • Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
  • Atria contracts and forces blood inot the right ventricle and cause the valves to shut
  • Ventricle contracts, blood in right ventricle enters pulmonary artery and goes to lungs
  • Blood goes to Left atrium from pulmonary vein then to the left ventricle and to aorta inot the body
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3
Q

What carries different components of blood around the body

A

Plasma

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4
Q

2 disadvantages of stents

A
  • Infection risk
  • Blod clot risk at site of stent
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5
Q

What are statins

A

Drugs that reduce the level of cholesterol

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6
Q

What is heart bypass surgery

A

Surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with veins from other parts of the body

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7
Q

Job of the right ventricle

A

Pump blood to the lungs

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8
Q

Job of left ventricle

A

Pump blood to body tissues

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9
Q

Why is it important to have a double circulatory system

A

More efficient as more oxygen is pumped around the body at high pressure by the left ventricle

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10
Q

Direction of blood flow

A

Vena cava—Right atrium—Right ventricle—Pulmonary artery—Lungs—Pulmonary vein—Left atrium—Left ventricle—Aorta—Body

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11
Q

What is a casual mechanism

A

A direct link made between risk factor and a disease

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12
Q

2 adaptations of epidermal tissue

A
  • Covers entire plant
  • Waxy cuticle to help reduce water loss
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13
Q

6 tissues in plant organ

A
  • Epidermis
  • Palisade mesophyll
  • Spongey mesophyll
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
  • Gaurd cells
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14
Q

2 advantages of statins

A
  • Risk of heart attack, strokes and CHD decreased
  • Increases level of HDL (good) cholesterol
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15
Q

Adaptation of palisade mesophyll tissue

A

-Lots of chloroplasts as most photosynthesis takes place here

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16
Q

2 adaptations of Xylem

A
  • made of dead cells which form a hollow tube to allow water and minerals to move
  • Strengthened by lignin which makes it strong and waterproof
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17
Q

What does amylase do

A

Breaks down starch into maltose and other simple sugars

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18
Q

2 places lipases are produced

A

Small intestine

pancreas

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19
Q

What happens in the salivery glands

A

Aylase is produced in saliva

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20
Q

Food test for sugars and result

A
  • Benedicts solution
  • Add to tube and shake
  • Add to water bath of 750C
  • Blue → green, yellow or brick red
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21
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Exchange of materials at tissues

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22
Q

3 components of the circulatory system

A

=heart

  • blood
  • blood vessels
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23
Q

What is metabolism

A

sum of all reactions in an organism

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24
Q

2 things that bile does

A
  • Neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach and allows enzymes in small intestine to work at optimum PH
  • Emulsifies lipids to form droplets and increase surface area to break down lipids more easily
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25
Q

Purpose of circulatory system

A

Carries oxygen and othr uselful substances to bodily tissues and removes waste material

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26
Q

How double circulatory system works

A
  • One pathway carries blood from heart to lungs
  • Other pathway carries blood from heart tissue
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27
Q

What happens in lungs

A

Gaseous exchange of O2 and CO2

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28
Q

4 heart chambres

A

Right and left atrium and ventricles

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29
Q

Left ventricle adaptation

A

Thicker wall as has to pump blood at higher pressure around body

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30
Q

Aorta job and location

A

Carry oxygen from heart to body

left of heart

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31
Q

Pulmonary vein job and location

A

Carries oxygen to heart from lungs

left

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32
Q

Vena cava job and location

A

Caries deoxygenated blood from body to heart

right

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33
Q

Pulmonary artery job and location

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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34
Q

Job of valves in the heart

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

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35
Q

Coronary arteries job

A

carries oxygenated blood to heart

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36
Q

What carries oxygenated blood to heart

A

Coronary arteries

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37
Q

Resting heart rate

A

70bpm

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38
Q

How heart rate is controlled

A

Group of cells in the right atrium act as pacemaker and release electric impulses and cause heart muscles to contract

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39
Q

Treatment for abnormal heat rythm and how it works

A

Pacemaker whcih releases electrical signals

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40
Q

Veins adaptations (2)

A
  • wide lumen to enable low pressure and alow more blood to travel around body
  • Have valves to prevent backflow
41
Q

2 adaptations of capilleries

A
  • 1 cell thick for a short diffusion path
  • Permeabe walls so substances diffuse
42
Q

How and where gas exchange occurs

A
  • O2 diffuse from alveoli to bloodstream down the concentration gradient
  • CO2 diffuses from capilaries to alveolidown the concentration gradient
43
Q

3 ways alveoli are adapted

A
  • Small clusters for increased surface area
  • rich blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
  • Thin walls for short diffusion path
44
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When coronary arteries become blocked up with fatty material so the oxygen spply to hear i limited

45
Q

What is a stent

A

a mesh tube that opens artery and keeps open, inflated by baloon

46
Q

3 advantages of stents

A
  • No general anaesthetic needed
  • Quick recovery
  • reuces heart attack risk
47
Q

3 Disadvantages of statins

A
  • Have to be continuously taken
  • May have side effects
  • Effects may not be immediate
48
Q

What hapens with leaky heart valve

A

Blood flows in wrong direction so heart is less efficient, cuasing breathlesness and may cause death

49
Q

2 types of replacement valves and what they are

A
  • Mechanical = made of polymers or metal
  • Biological = From animals
50
Q

1 advantge and 2 disadvantages of mechanical valve

A
  • Lasts long time
  • Need to take anti-clot medication for site of valve
  • Infection risk in surgery
51
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of biological valve

A
  • less risk of clots
  • Only lasts 12-15 years
52
Q

Purpose of artificial heart

A

To spport patients while waiting for a donor heart

53
Q

2 advantages and 3 disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

adv:

  • Less likely to be rejected
  • Allows damaged heart to rest

disadv:

  • Infection risk from surgery
  • Blood clot risk
  • Blood thiner drugs needed
54
Q

What is health

A

The state of physical and mental wellbeing

55
Q

What is a risk factor

A

lifestyle or genetic factor that increases chance of developing a disease

56
Q

Adaptation of spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Lots of air spaces for gases to diffuse in nd out

57
Q

2 adaptations of Phloem

A
  • made of elongated living cells
  • Seive plates to connect, so that cell sap can move through plates into other cells
58
Q

Adaptation of meristem tissue

A

made of stem cells, so allows plant to grow

59
Q

Function of gaurd cells

A

control opneing and closing of stomata according to water and gas content of plant

60
Q

2 Stomata adaptations

A
  • More space to minimise water less as bottom= cooler
  • Have gaurd cels to control them
61
Q

2 adaptations of rot hair cells

A
  • Lots of mitochondria for active transport
  • Large surface area to maximise ate of absorbtion
62
Q

What is translocation

A

the movement of dissolve sugars from leaves to other parts of plant

63
Q

what is transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from plant surface

64
Q

How transpiration works

A
  • water evaporates from surface by stomata
  • More water is pulled up the xylem
65
Q

Xylem and phloem function

A

x= transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves

p= translocation→ transport food from leaves to rest of plant

66
Q

What is a transpiration stream

A

movement of water from roots through xylem out leaves

67
Q

4 factors that affcet transpiration and how

A
  • Temp= increased temp leads to increased evaporation and diffusion so translocation rate increases
  • Humidity = increased humidity measn conc gradient is decreased so translocation rate decreases
  • Wind speed= increased speed means less water conc outside leaf so conc gradient increases and translocation rate increases
  • Light intensity = increased light intensity increases photosynthesis, so more stomata open so translocation rate increases
68
Q

Job of RBC

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to body cells

69
Q

How do enzymes work

A
  • has active site which is specific to substrate
  • Substrate attatches to enzyme’s active site and catylises the breakdown of substrate
  • Products released from active site and active site stays same shape so used again
70
Q

2 adaptations of arteries

A
  • Thick muscle walls to cope with blood pumped out at high pressure
  • Elastic fibres in walls so can strech and recoil to help with pressure of blood
71
Q

Label A,B,C,D

A

A= substrate

B=Active site

C=Enzyme

D=Products

72
Q

Explaine effect of temperature on enzymes

A

-Increases rate of reation till reaches optimum then starts to denature

Bonds in enzyme break nd acive site changes shape

73
Q

What is pepsin, what is it’s PH and why

A

Enzyme that breaks down protein in stomach

2 as in stomach, whcih releases HCL

74
Q

What do digestive enzymes do and why

A

Break down large insoluble molecules to small soluble ones so they can be bsorbed inot bloodstream

75
Q

What is digestion

A

Breakdown of large insoluble molecules inot smaler soluble ones to get all nutrients you need inot bloodstream

76
Q

What do carbohydrases do

A

break down carbohydrates inot simple sugars

77
Q

What do proteases do

A

Break down proteins to amino acids

78
Q

What is protease called in the stomach

A

Pepsin

79
Q

What do lipases do

A

Break down lipids to glycerol and fatty acids

80
Q

3 places amylase is produced

A
  • Small intestine
  • Pancreas
  • Salivery gland
81
Q

3 places protease are produced

A

Stomach

pancreas

small intestine

82
Q

Where is bile stored and produced

A

Store = gall bladder

made= Liver

83
Q

Where bile released

A

Small intestine

84
Q

What is meant by fat being emulsified

A

Broken down into timny droplets

85
Q

What happen in the small intestine

A

Enzymes produced and nutrients absorbed through villi into blood

86
Q

What happens in the large intestine

A

Excess water absorbed from food

87
Q

2 resons the stomach produces HCl

A
  • Kill pathogens
  • Give optimum temp for pepsin
88
Q

Food test for starch and result

A
  • Add iodine to tube and shake
  • Brown/orange → black/ blue
89
Q

Food test for proteins and result

A
  • Add biuret and shake
  • Blue → lilac
90
Q

Food test for fats and result

A
  • Ethanol
  • Ciover and shake vigourously and allow to settle
  • add hot wat-er

Clear → milky-white emulsification

91
Q

What does bile do to fat and why does it speed up digestion

A

Emulsifies it, so gives larger surface area of fat for lipase to work on

92
Q

Shape of RBC’s

A

Biconcave disc

93
Q

What does RBC shape do

A

Gives large surface area for absorbing oxygen

94
Q

red blood cell adaptations

A
  • no nucleus so more oxygen can be absorbed
  • Contains haemoglobin which attatches to oxygen
95
Q

WBC’s job

A

Fight off infections

96
Q

What do arteries do

A

Carry blood away from heart

97
Q

What do veins do

A

carry blood to heart

98
Q

what is an enzyme

A

Protein that is a biologicl catalyst

Biology (9 decks)

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