Topic 1 Definition List p5 Flashcards
(11 cards)
ROM
Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory that permanently stores data and instructions essential for a computer’s startup and basic operations. Unlike RAM, the data in ROM cannot be easily modified or erased by the user. It typically contains firmware or system software that boots the device when powered on. ROM ensures that critical programs are preserved even when the device is turned off.
ROM vs RAM
ROM (Read-Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory) serve different purposes in a computer system. ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores critical instructions, such as the firmware needed to start the computer, and its contents cannot be easily changed or erased by the user. In contrast, RAM is volatile memory used for temporarily holding data and programs that the processor needs while the computer is running; its contents are lost when the device powers off. While ROM provides essential, permanent instructions, RAM allows for fast access and manipulation of data to support active tasks and improve system performance.
RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of volatile memory used by a computer to store data and instructions that are actively being used or processed. It allows quick read and write access, enabling fast performance for running applications and the operating system. Unlike ROM, the data in RAM is lost when the device is powered off. RAM capacity and speed directly affect a device’s multitasking ability and overall responsiveness.
Biometric device
A biometric device is a piece of technology that identifies and verifies a person’s identity based on their unique biological characteristics. Common biometric identifiers include fingerprints, facial features, iris patterns, voice, or even behavioural traits like typing rhythm. These devices capture and analyse this biometric data to allow or deny access to a device, system, or physical location. Biometric devices are widely used for enhancing security because biometric traits are difficult to replicate or steal compared to traditional passwords or keys.
Biological Data
Biological data refers to information derived from living organisms, often related to their physical or genetic characteristics. This can include data such as DNA sequences, fingerprints, facial structure, voice patterns, and other unique biological traits. In technology and security, biological data is used for identification and authentication through biometric systems. Because it is unique to each individual, biological data offers a highly reliable way to verify identity but also raises important privacy and ethical considerations.
Biometric Device vs Biological Data
- Biometric Devices are the tools or technologies used to capture, measure, and analyse biological data. Examples include fingerprint scanners, facial recognition cameras, and iris scanners. These devices convert physical or behavioural biological traits into digital information for identification or authentication purposes.
- Biological Data is the actual unique information or characteristics derived from a living organism, such as a fingerprint pattern, facial features, or voiceprints. It is the raw data that biometric devices collect and process.
In summary, biological data is the input—the unique physical or behavioural traits—while biometric devices are the hardware or software systems that capture and interpret that data to verify identity or grant access.
Non-volatile
Non-volatile storage refers to a type of computer memory that retains data even when the device’s power is switched off. Unlike volatile memory (such as RAM), which loses its contents when the device shuts down, non-volatile storage preserves information permanently or until it is deliberately erased or overwritten. Common examples include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), flash drives, and read-only memory (ROM). This type of storage is essential for saving operating systems, applications, and user data securely over long periods.
Volatile storage
Volatile storage is a type of computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information. When the device is turned off or loses power, all data stored in volatile memory is lost. The most common example is Random Access Memory (RAM), which is used to temporarily hold data and instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks. Volatile storage is much faster than non-volatile storage, making it crucial for efficient processing, but it is not suitable for long-term data retention.
Miniaturisation
Miniaturisation is the process of designing and manufacturing devices or components to be much smaller in size while maintaining or improving their functionality. It allows electronic devices to become more compact, lightweight, and portable without sacrificing performance. This process is essential in advancing modern technology, enabling gadgets like smartphones, laptops, and wearables to offer powerful features in tiny packages. Miniaturisation often involves innovations in materials, circuitry, and manufacturing techniques.
Transistor
A transistor is a fundamental semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It typically has three terminals—emitter, base, and collector—that control the flow of current. Transistors are the building blocks of modern electronic circuits, found in everything from computers to smartphones. Their invention revolutionised technology by allowing the creation of smaller, faster, and more efficient electronic devices compared to earlier vacuum tubes.
Integrated circuit (IC)
An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made by embedding a large number of tiny transistors, resistors, and other components onto a single semiconductor chip, usually silicon. This miniaturisation allows complex circuits to fit into a compact space, greatly improving reliability and reducing cost compared to using separate components. Integrated circuits form the foundation of almost all modern electronic equipment, including computers, smartphones, and many other digital devices. Their development enabled the rapid advancement of technology by making devices faster, smaller, and more energy-efficient.
