Topic 1 Definition List p6 Flashcards
(14 cards)
Processor
A processor, often called a central processing unit (CPU), is the primary component in a computer or device that performs instructions and processes data. It executes programmes by carrying out basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations. The processor acts as the “brain” of the device, interpreting and managing commands from software and hardware. Its speed and efficiency significantly influence the overall performance of the device.
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a compact, single-chip processor that contains the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer or electronic device. It integrates all the core functions of a CPU—such as arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output management—onto one microchip. Microprocessors are the heart of most modern computers, smartphones, and embedded systems, enabling complex calculations and operations within a small, efficient package. Their development paved the way for powerful yet portable electronic devices by significantly reducing size and cost compared to earlier multi-component processors.
Give 10 examples of where RFID is used
10 common uses of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) in daily life, along with reasons why RFID is chosen for each:
1. Contactless Payment Cards
Reason: RFID allows quick, secure, and convenient payments by enabling tap-to-pay without physical contact or swiping.
2. Public Transport Cards
Reason: RFID enables fast scanning and seamless fare collection for buses, trains, and metros, reducing queues and improving user experience.
3. Access Control Systems
Reason: RFID cards or fobs provide secure entry to buildings or restricted areas, replacing traditional keys and improving security.
4. Inventory Management in Retail
Reason: RFID tags help track stock automatically and accurately, reducing human error and enabling real-time inventory updates.
5. Library Book Tracking
Reason: RFID tags on books allow quick check-in/check-out processes and efficient stock-taking without manually scanning each barcode.
6. Pet Identification
Reason: Implanted RFID chips store pet information, helping reunite lost animals with their owners quickly and reliably.
7. Supply Chain and Logistics
Reason: RFID tracks goods throughout transport and storage, improving accuracy, reducing theft, and speeding up delivery processes.
8. Event Ticketing and Entry
Reason: RFID wristbands or cards provide secure, contactless access to concerts, festivals, or conferences, enhancing crowd management.
9. Automated Toll Collection
Reason: RFID tags in vehicles enable fast, electronic toll payments without stopping, reducing traffic congestion and improving flow.
10. Healthcare Patient Tracking
Reason: RFID wristbands monitor patient identity and medical history in hospitals, improving safety and reducing errors in treatment.
NFC vs RFID
comparison between RFID and NFC:
* Range: RFID systems can operate over varying distances—from a few centimetres up to several metres—depending on the frequency and power used. NFC, however, is designed specifically for very short-range communication, typically up to 4 centimetres.
* Communication: RFID usually involves a one-way communication from a reader to a tag (passive RFID) or two-way communication in active systems. NFC supports two-way communication (peer-to-peer), allowing devices to both send and receive data.
* Applications: RFID is widely used for inventory tracking, access control, and supply chain management where longer read ranges are useful. NFC is primarily used for secure, close-proximity interactions like contactless payments, smartphone data sharing, and access control.
* Security: NFC’s short range and ability for encrypted communication provide enhanced security, making it ideal for sensitive transactions such as payments. RFID systems may vary in security, with some passive tags offering limited protection.
Connectivity
Connectivity refers to the ability of devices or systems to link and communicate with each other, enabling the exchange of data, information, or resources. It can involve wired connections like Ethernet cables or wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks. Connectivity is essential for devices to access the internet, share files, synchronise data, or interact within networks. High-quality connectivity improves performance, user experience, and enables seamless integration of technology in daily life.
Internet of things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data over the internet. These devices range from everyday household items, like smart thermostats and wearable fitness trackers, to industrial machines and city infrastructure. IoT enables automation, remote monitoring, and improved efficiency by connecting devices to communicate without human intervention. Its growth is transforming how we interact with technology, making environments smarter and more responsive.
Technological convergence
Technological convergence is the process where different technologies, devices, or systems evolve to perform similar tasks or combine into a single, unified platform. For example, smartphones now integrate communication, computing, photography, and media playback functions, which were once separate devices. This convergence simplifies user experience by bringing multiple functionalities into one device, reducing the need for multiple gadgets. It also drives innovation and creates new opportunities across industries by merging previously distinct technologies.
Technological convergence vs Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of physical devices—like sensors, appliances, or machines—connected through the internet to collect, exchange, and act on data. Its core purpose is to enable smarter automation, real-time monitoring, and efficient control of everyday environments.
Technological convergence is a broader concept that describes how previously separate technologies blend together into unified platforms or multifunctional devices.#
IoT is one example of this convergence, where diverse technologies collaborate through connectivity, but convergence also includes innovations like smartphones that combine communication, computing, and media tools in one device.
In essence, IoT is about linking devices, while technological convergence is about blending technologies to create more powerful, integrated solutions.
Top 10 devices that contain embedded systems
- Smartphones – Packed with embedded systems for GPS, camera, screen control, and more.
- Washing machines – Use embedded systems to control spin speed, water level, and timing.
- Cars – Modern cars have many embedded systems for braking (ABS), airbags, cruise control, etc.
- Microwave ovens – A small computer inside manages cooking time, power, and display.
- ATMs (Automated Teller Machines) – Use embedded systems for card reading, cash dispensing, and secure banking.
- Smart TVs – Embedded systems run apps, stream media, and control the interface.
- Printers – Handle print jobs, monitor ink levels, and connect with computers through an embedded controller.
- Digital cameras – Embedded systems help with auto-focus, image processing, and saving photos.
- Smartwatches – These use small embedded systems to track steps, heart rate, and show notifications.
- Traffic lights – Use embedded systems to manage signal timing, sometimes adapting to real-time traffic.
Firmware
Firmware is a special type of software that is permanently stored in a device’s memory, usually on a chip. It controls the basic functions of hardware, like how a printer prints or how a washing machine runs its cycles. Unlike regular software, firmware doesn’t change often but can sometimes be updated to fix bugs or improve performance.
Firmware vs software vs application
- Firmware is a special kind of software that is built into a device, like the program inside a microwave or a washing machine that controls how it works.
- Software is a general word for any program that tells a computer or device what to do — this includes apps, games, and even firmware.
Application (or app) is a type of software that is made for people to use, like Microsoft Word, a calculator app, or a music player.
- Software is a general word for any program that tells a computer or device what to do — this includes apps, games, and even firmware.
General Purpose Computer
A general purpose computer is built to handle many different tasks instead of just one specific job. It can run various types of software, such as word processors, games, web browsers, and coding tools. This flexibility allows users to install and switch between different applications as needed. Devices like laptops, desktops, and tablets are common examples of general purpose computers.
10 examples of general purpose computers:
1. Laptop
2. Desktop PC
3. Tablet (like an iPad or Samsung Galaxy Tab)
4. MacBook
5. Chromebook
6. Raspberry Pi (when used for general tasks)
7. Gaming PC
8. School computer lab PCs
9. Workstation computer
10. All-in-one computer (like the iMac)
Bootloader and provide examples
A bootloader is a small program inside a computer or device that starts running as soon as you turn it on. Its job is to load the main operating system (like Windows or Android) into the device’s memory so the computer can work. Without the bootloader, the device wouldn’t know how to start up properly. It acts like a bridge between turning on the hardware and running all the software. Bootloaders are especially important in devices like smartphones, computers, and game consoles.
10 examples related to bootloaders:
1. GRUB (used in many Linux computers)
2. Windows Boot Manager
3. U-Boot (used in embedded systems)
4. Android Bootloader
5. BIOS (in older PCs)
6. EFI/UEFI (modern PC bootloaders)
7. iBoot (used by Apple devices)
8. Coreboot (open-source bootloader)
9. Das U-Boot (used in embedded boards like Raspberry Pi)
10. PXE Bootloader (boots computers over a network)
If you want, I can explain how a bootloader works step-by-step!
Definition of BIOS and examples
BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System and it is a small program stored on a chip inside a computer’s motherboard. When you turn on the computer, the BIOS runs first to check that all the hardware (like the keyboard, memory, and hard drive) is working properly. After checking the hardware, the BIOS helps start the operating system by loading it from the hard drive into the computer’s memory. It acts like a bridge between the computer’s hardware and the operating system software. BIOS was used in older PCs, but modern computers often use a newer system called UEFI.
10 examples of BIOS functions:
1. Power-On Self Test (POST) to check hardware health
2. Loading the bootloader or operating system
3. Managing keyboard and mouse input before the OS loads
4. Controlling the display screen in early startup
5. Setting hardware clock and time
6. Configuring system settings (like boot order)
7. Enabling or disabling hardware components
8. Detecting connected drives (HDD, SSD)
9. Managing fan speeds and temperatures
10. Providing a simple setup menu (BIOS setup) to change settings
