TOPIC 1 - Intro To Behaviour Modification Flashcards by Naomi Li

Field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying behaviour; increasing or decreasing a specific behaviour

understand the environment the behaviour is occurring in, why is it occurring, what are the antecedents or triggers of it, and what are the consequences -> so we can figure out HOW to change

behaviour modification

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A behaviourist would define behaviour as _______ , external actions, while a cognitive psychologist may define behaviour as ______ AND ______ actions.

Behaviour:

behaviourist - overt - external

cognitive psychologist - overt AND covert - internal thought changes and behaviours

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Defining behaviour with _____, instead of static characteristics or label. Eg: define sad:

verbs

Sad: sobbing, brow furrowing, physically shrinking

action words

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measurable dimensions of behaviour

FILD:

Frequency
Intensity
Latency
Duration

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How long until a behaviour occurs. This measurable dimension of behaviour is known as:

latency

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Behaviour impacts the physical and social _________.

environment

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Behaviour is lawful, following predictable rules; environmental factors affect behaviour in _______ ways

consistent

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def: behaviour you want to change

target behaviour

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undesirable behaviour you want to decrease; behaviour that is happening too much

behavioural excess

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desirable behaviour you want to increase; behaviour that’s not happening enough

behavioural deficit

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The scientific study of behaviour originally developed from Skinner’s experimental research.

Experimental analysis of behaviour

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the scientific study of behaviour to help change that behaviour (specifically targeted at human behaviour)

Applied behaviour analysis

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what comes right before a behaviour - the stimuli in the environment present right before a behaviour occurs

antecedent

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Measurement of performance/behaviour level before treatment implemented

Baseline

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Recent events/stimuli in the environment that are favoured as explanations for behaviours

antecedents

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History of Behaviourism (General topics - 5):

Law of Effect
Behaviourism
Conditioned Reflexes
Behavioural Principles research
Behaviour of Organisms

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Thorndike

problem solving, puzzle boxes, CATS, SR psychology, law of effect

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Strengthening an association between a situation and response:

If a response is followed by a SATISFYING event, the S-R (situation-response) connection is STRENGTHENED.

If a response is followed by an UNSATISFYING event, the S-R connection is WEAKENED.

Law of…

Law of Effect

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Satisfying event reinforces situation-response (SR) relationship.

Unsatisfying event weakens situation-response (SR) relationship.

This is called the ________ by _____ (who):

Law of Effect
Thorndike (cat puzzle boxes guy)

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Established behaviourism movement - psychology should be all about observable behaviour; form of SR psychology was stimulus-response (instead of situaiton response). Who is this?

Watson

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Classical/respondent conditioning, went off of SR psychology. Who is this?

Pavlov

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Natural response or reflex can be conditioned to neutral stimulus -> make unnatural/neutral natural

Classical conditioning
Respondent conditioning

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Behaviour modification based more on the consequences of a behaviour; consequences determine future occurrence of behaviour; reward or consequence increases or decreases likelihood of behaviour

Operant conditioning

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Form of behaviour modification (1960s) in which you would have to identifying socially important behaviour, clearly describe procedures and basic behavioural principles, and identifying the functional relationship between environmental events and behaviour

in order to produce meaningful, generalizable, long lasting changes in behaivour

applied behaviour analysis

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Applied behavioural analysis is applied to _______ to produce meaningful, generalizable, and long-lasting changes in behaviour

Humans

Measuring the target behaviour(s) in a given situation

Behaviour assessment

Behavioural assessment to determine if treatment is necessary and choose the best treatment for the situaiton

baseline

Behavioural assessment to determine if treatment was successful

change

Measuring target behaviour with interviews, testimonies, questionnaires, or self-report rating scales, are all examples of __________ assessment.

indirect assessment

Concerns around indirect assessment methods; list 3:

- memory fallible/inaccurate - emotions fickle - salience can make you biased (overall reliance on recall is risky)

_______ assessment occurs after the events while _______ assessment occurs AS IT HAPPENS

Indirect Direct

Target behaviour measured as it occurs; observer can be the individual, another person, or a device recording

direct assessment direct behavioural assessment

Client trained to observe own behaviour

self-monitoring

Behaviour Assessment process:

1. Determine and operationally define target behaviour 2. Determine how behaviours will be observed + recorded

Precise and quantifiable description that specifies EXACTLY how a term will be measured; use action words/verbs. Objective, unambiguous, practical definition of a behaviour that accounts for all situations. What are we measuring? How will we measure it? How will we record those measurements?

operational definition

Operational definition of anger:

- heart rate exceeds certain number of bpm - galvanic skin response - mouth curls down at least 3 mm - brows furrow for at least 3 seconds - very specific, measurable

NO reference to ______ states or thoughts, feelings, and emotions when creating an operational definition (fuck you freud)

internal

Not using labels to describe a term or behaviour, but describing the actions themselves happening in conjunction with this term or behaivour

operationally defining operational definition

Someone besides the person exhibiting a target behaviour observing

independent observer

device to record behaviour (camera, audio)

remote monitoring

Arranging for specific events or situations to occur to observe behaviour

structured observation periods - think Michael from the Good Place…especially the last season in which they’re testing them and collecting data on their behaviour/level of “goodness”

simply observing behaviour as it occurs without intervention

Unstructured Observation Periods

2 types of observation periods:

structured unstructured

Documenting EVERY INSTANCE of a target behaviour during the observation period

continuous recording

Documenting SOME of the occurrences of a target behaviour

sample recording or discontinuous recording

Record whether the target behaviour occurs within certain time intervals.

interval recording

3 types of interval recording:

1. Partial 2. Whole 3. Frequency-within

type of interval recording: Which intervals did it happen in? Did it happen in these intervals yes or no?

Partial-interval recording

type of interval recording measuring how long a target behaivour is occurring and recording it if it persists through the entire interval

whole interval recording

Type of interval recording measuring quantity of target behaviour occurrences within each interval

frequency-within interval recording

Interval Recording Summary:

1. Partial - did it happen yes or no 2. Whole - did it last the whole time 3. Frequency-within - quantity; how many times per interval

Dividing observational periods into intervals, but only observing during a PART of each interval - super ultra sneaky random way of recording behaivour

time sample recording

A type of time sample recording in which you record the behaviour ONLY if it occurs at the exact INSTANT an interval ENDS - only recording behaviour if occurs exactly at the end of the interval

momentary time sample recording

Calculating percentage of intervals (formula):

scored/marked intervals - intervals where behaviour was recorded so: scored intervals // total intervals

Recording tangible outcomes or PRODUCTS that result from the occurrence of a behaviour (not direct observation of behaviour itself)

product recording

taking a picture of your clean room to imply to someone that you underwent the behaviours needed to clean your room would be an example of _______ recording

product recording

Behaviour followed by tangible product implies that the behaviour must’ve been completed

product recording

Places in which a target behaviour normally occurs; more representative sample of target behaviour

natural settings

Places not apart of normal daily routine; controlled environment; easier to manipulate variables influencing behaviour - eg: lab

analogue settings or artificial settings

We want behavioural treatments to work in both ______ and ______ settings.

natural settings analogue/artificial settings

When a person’s behaviour changes as a result of having that behaviour observed; linked to social desirability bias and social facilitation

reactivity

1. Make subject comfortable with observer 2. One-way observation window (like in the windows) 3. Self-monitoring These are all ways that ______ can be reduced in behavioural assessment.

reactivity

Two people independently observe and record the same target behaviour during the same observation period and then compare their recordings, and calculate the percentage of agreement. This is known as:

Inter-Observer Agreement (IOA)

Inter-Observer Agreement, in which 2 observes calculate the percentage of how much their recordings on the same behaviour during the same observation period agree, is related to the concept of _________ (3):

Inter Rater Reliability

Dotted line separating no-treatment phase from treatment phase in behavioural modification

phase line

Single instances of behaviour being recorded and studies/studying/recording the behaviour of an individual or small group of people

case study

Dependent variable in research method perspective of behavioural modification:

target behaviour - target behaviour CHANGING is DEPENDENT on the independent variable or treatment

Independent variable in research method perspective of behavioural modification

treatment/different environmental stimuli

Which is closer to a real experiment and why? AB or ABAB research design

ABAB because you’re checking twice; going back and forth between phases to make sure it was REALLY the treatment (independent variable) that was modifying the target behaviour (dependent variable)

Research Behavioural Modification Process:

1. Measure dependent variable 2. Manipulate independent variable 3. Replicate

The ______ research design has one baseline and one treatment phase; not a true research design because no _______, therefore it does NOT demonstrate a functional relationship between independent and dependent variable

AB research design no replication -> doesn’t demonstrate functional relationship

The ______ treatment is a research design in which you go back to baseline and implement the treatment again after implementing the treatment a first time. ________ is being conducted, so this research design demonstrates a _______ (2) between the independent and dependent variable, confirming the independent variable (treatment) works

ABAB Replication -> demonstrates functional relationship

Type of AB research design in which you measure the baseline of multiple subjects before implementing treatment staggered at different times for each subject. - AB design with multiple people - note: still not true experiment because no control group

Multiple-Baseline Subject Design

Type of AB design in which you either use multiple baseline subjects, behaviours or settings; treatment staggered across

Multiple-Baseline Designs

AB design measuring the baselines of multiple behaviours in a single subject; treatment staggered across behaviours

Multiple baseline behaviours design

AB design measuring the baseline of same behaviour over different settings; treatment staggered across settings

multiple baseline settings design eg: how am i at the office vs. at home vs. at school

Multiple-Baseline Design types summary:

1. Subjects - multiple subjects, same behaviour 2. Behaviours - one subject, multiple behaviours 3. Settings - one subject, multiple settings

Within treatment phase, sequential performance criteria is specified; successive goal levels for target behaviour; NOT AB design - successive goal levels for target behaviour Eg: systematic desensitization as a treatment for phobias - gradual exposure to feared stimuli, slowly climbing up the fear ladder, 1st rung resets for each level because conquering the smaller fears

Changing-Criterion Design

- Successive goal levels for target behaviour research treatment design - criteria or goals change with each level; demonstrates a functional relationship between treatment and target behaviour

Changing-Criterion Design

When it’s clear through experiment replication across different people and settings that a treatment is causing a change in the target behaviour, this demonstrates a ____ (2):

functional relationship

determining WHY a problem behaviour occurs: - finding the functional relationship that is causing a behaviour; working backwards

functional assessment

Is the antecedent, consequence, or reinforcer/punishment leading to a certain behaviour? A person asking this question would be completing a _______(2):

functional assessment

* essential to understand the ______ in the ______ to conduct a thorough functional assessment

stimuli in the environment - antecedents, consequences, reinforcers, punishers, what’s affecting this behaviour?

Steps of Functional Assessment (5):

1. Identify and operationally define target behaviour 2. Collect data 3. Compare functional assessment - any consistent stimuli in environment? 4. Develop + implement treatment 5. Evaluate effectiveness - if treatment not effective go back to step 3 and try again

Abridged Steps of Functional Assessment (5):

1. Operationalize 2. Measure 3. Observe consistent stimuli? 4. Treatment 5. Evaluation (treatment ineffective -> go back to step 3)

Antecedent leads to Behaviour with leads to Consequence

Three-Term Contingency

contingency

dependent relationship

Stimuli altering current probability of behaviour; stimuli more or less likely now in their presence. On the other hand, _____ strengthen or weaken the behaviour -> more or less likely in the future.

antecedent consequence

Patterns right before behaviour; right before in the now: affects whether or not behaviour will happen

antecedents

A:B -> C

3 term contingency

Test a range of possible functions - no clear hypothesis - range of possible functions - test condition/function - CONTROL CONDITION FOR ALL FUNCTIONS - RULES OUT OTHER FUNCTIONS

exploratory funcitonal analysis

Test hypothesis from descriptive assessment - CLEAR HYPOTHESIS - test and control condition per function - does NOT RULE OUT other functions

Hypothesis testing functional analysis