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Microbiology > Topic 1 Review - Microbial World > Flashcards

Topic 1 Review - Microbial World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Microbiology?

A

The study of microbes and how they interact

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2
Q

What is a microbe?

A

Microbes are microorganisms and viruses

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3
Q

What are the three domains of microorganisms?

A

Eukaryotes, Archaea, Bacteria

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4
Q

What does Prokaryotic signify?

A

Before the nut

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5
Q

What are the prokaryotic macroorganisms?

A

None are known

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6
Q

What are the eukaryotic macroorganisms?

A

Plants and animals

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7
Q

What is a macroorganism?

A

An organism that can be seen by the human eye

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8
Q

What are the two domains of Prokaryotic microorganisms?

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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9
Q

What are the three domains of Eukaryotic microorganims?

A

Algae, Fungi, Protozoa

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10
Q

Find the mismatch:

a) E.coli - prok
b) fungi - euk
c) archaea - prok
d) algae - prok
e) mushroom - euk

A

d) Algae - Prok
It has a nucleus so it is Eukaryotic

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11
Q

How did microorganisms establish biosphere conditions on earth?

A

Generated O2

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12
Q

What are the model organisms of microorganisms?

A

E.coli, S. Cerevisiae (“bakers yeast”)

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13
Q

What was Robert Hookes contribution to microbiology?

A
  • first discovered the cell
  • first description of microbes (“molds”)
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14
Q

What was Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeks contribution to microbiology?

A
  • Lens improvements allowed for first description of bacteria
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15
Q

Who is the father of microbiology?

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

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16
Q

What specimens did Antonie Van Leeuk. use in his observations?

A

plaque, semen, feces, blood

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17
Q

How much biomass on earth is comprised of microorganisms?

A

> 50%

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18
Q

What are the core features of life?

A

-metabolism
-growth
-reproduction

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19
Q

What are the core features of life achieved by?

A
  • genetic variation/evolution
    -response/adaptation
    -homeostasis
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20
Q

Do you need DNA to be considered alive?

A

No

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21
Q

What is a hetertroph?

A

An organism that ingests preformed organic molecules (eats others)

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22
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that produces organic molecules (self sufficient)

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23
Q

How do microbes get energy?

A

-Fermentation
-Aerobic respiration

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24
Q

What is fermentation?

Study These Flashcards
A

Non-oxygen requiring pathway for breaking down glucose for energy

25
What is aerobic respiration?
Oxygen is required to make energy from glucose
26
How do microbes assist in biogeochemical cycling?
cycling of inorganic mol.s to organic molecules and back
27
What component has the lowest mass in a cell? a) RNA b) protein c) DNA d) sugar e) lipids
c) DNA takes up 2-5% of cell
28
What component has the highest mass in a cell? a) amino acids b) sugar c) RNA d) lipids
a) amino acids takes up 50-55% of cell
29
What is the correct order of rank for the characteristics of cells based on their composition % in the cell? a) RNA, DNA, lipids, amino acids, sugars b) amino acids, RNA, sugars, lipids, DNA c) RNA, DNA, amino acids, lipids, sugars d) amino acids, RNA, lipids, sugars, DNA
d) Amino acids, RNA, Lipids, Sugars, DNA
30
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a requirement for life? a) DNA b) metabolism c) growth d) reproduction e) movement
e) movement
31
What features make SSU and rRNA gene sequences ideal for phylogenetic studies?
Their universal presence in all cells (can compare SSU/rRNA's against other genetic sequences to determine differences)
32
What was Carl Woese's contribution to microbiology?
- "tree of life" gained a third trunk - LUCA
33
Which of the three domains has a nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus?
Eukarya
34
In which domain are membrane-bound organelles the most abundant?
Eukarya (Bacteria and Archaea have mem.-bound org.'s, but are rare)
35
Which domain has a different plasma membrane from the other two?
Archaea - monolayer (bacteria and eukarya both have bilayers)
36
Which of the domains have cell walls?
Bacteria and Archaea (Eukarya do, but rare)
37
Which of the domains does not have histones?
Bacteria - have histone-like proteins instead
38
What are histones?
Protein that provides structural support
39
Are viruses considered alive?
No - don't replicate outside of host - can't create their own energy - can't maintain a stable state
40
What were the conditions in which life originated?
- trace amnts of O2 - high temp.'s (>100C) - high CO2
41
When did first life (microorganisms) occur?
3.8 billion years ago
42
What were the requirements of early life?
- genetic information storage - ability to catalyze biochemical reactions - way of separating ICE/ECE (phospholipids)
43
What are some characteristics of Ribozymes?
- behave like enzymes - rxn catalyst (DNA/proteins not needed) - Genetic info storage - self-replicating
44
What are micelles?
early form of plasma membrane (made of phospholipids)
45
What are properties of double-stranded DNA?
- "backup copy" of genetics - more stable than RNA
46
What are the features of LUCA?
- mem. bound - ATP for E - DNA to RNA to Protein - Autotrophic - Anaerobe - Thermophile
47
What did cyanobacteria do to produce energy?
Oxidized H2 in water as source of electrons
48
How does understanding transcription and translation allow us to examine microbial genomes from two different perspectives?
1. examining effects of single mutations in DNA (microbial genetics) 2. Phylogeny - comparing pieces of genomes across domains
49
What theory proposes the origin of eukaryotes?
Endosymbiotic theory
50
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Early prok. microbes ingested other microbes, starting symbiotic relationship, forming basic eukaryotes -mitochondria and chloroplasts
51
What was Pasteurs contribution to microbiology?
- discovered microorganisms cause fermentation and disease - developed pasteurization (ie. extend food life) - introduced sanitization to hospitals - disproved spontaneous generation - developed methods of controlling growth
52
What did Koch contribute to microbiology?
- Discovered bacillus anthracis causes anthrax and mycobacteria causes tuberculosis - Koch's postulates - determining what microbes cause disease(s)
53
What are Kochs postulates?
To be fulfilled, organism must... 1. be present in all cases of the disease 2. be isolated from diseased individuals 3. cause disease when reintroduced to healthy model 4. be isolated again from new host
54
What is one of the most known microbial disease to date?
bubonic plague
55
Transcription is... a) protein synthesis from mRNA template b) lipid synthesis from fatty acids and glycerol c) carbohydrate synthesis from monosaccharides d) RNA synthesis from DNA template
d) RNA synthesis from DNA template
56
What are the key features of microbial cells?
1. Amino acids 2. RNA 3. Lipids 4. Sugars 5. DNA
57
Which metabolism and organism first contributed to O2 in our atmosphere? a) autotrophy and cyanobacteria b) autotrophy and H2 oxidizer c) heterotrophy and cyanobacteria d) heterotrophy and H2 oxidizer e) none of the above
a) autotrophy and cyanobacteria
58
Which metabolism and organism was likely associated with LUCA? a) autotrophy and cyanobacteria b) autotrophy and H2 oxidizer c) heterotrophy and cyanobacteria d) heterotrophy and H2 oxidizer e) none of the above
b) autotrophy and H2 oxidizer

Microbiology (5 decks)

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