Topic 4 Review - Eukaryotes

Question 1

What is the morphology of typical euk.’s?

Answer 1

-membrane-bound nucleus
-largest cell sizes of three domains
-contain organelles
-cell wall and internal cytoskeleton

Question 2

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 2

digestion of macromolecules
- digestive enzymes

Question 3

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 3

breakdown of fatty acids
- oxidative enzymes

Question 4

What is the function of hydrogenosomes?

Answer 4

H2 and ATP production
- double mem. (2 bilayers = 4 layers)
- found in some amitochondriates
- remnant of mitochondrion

Question 5

What function does the nucleus have?

Answer 5

storage and expression of information

Question 6

What are some key characteristics of the nucleus?

Answer 6

• double mem.
• linear chrom’s (circular in bact. & arch.)
• contains nucleolus (ribosome synth.)
• transcription

Question 7

Where does translation occur?

Answer 7

in the cytoplasm, using ribosomes from nucleolus

Question 8

Where are proteins made?

Answer 8

Rough ER

Question 9

What is the secretory pathway?

Answer 9

directs proteins and lipids to the plasma mem. by vesicle trafficking through rough/smooth ER and the Golgi app.

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

-cell metabolism (TCA cycle)
-uses ETC to produce ATP

Question 11

Chloroplasts

Answer 11

-same as mitochondria, except get energy from light

Question 12

Together the mitochondria and cytoplasm create a _________ for creating energy

Answer 12

day/night system

Question 13

What are some genetic features that mitochondria/chloroplasts share?

Answer 13

• has DNA genome, own ribosomes and transcription machinery
  -can replicated independently

Question 14

Plasma mem.

Answer 14

Phospholipid bilayer
- facilitated diffusion
- active transport

Question 15

Why are proteins of low abundance in eukarya?

Answer 15

all in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 16

What are the different types of cell walls within euk.’s?

Answer 16

Chitin - Fungi
Cellulose - Algae

(protozoa has none)

Question 17

What role does the cytoskeleton play?

Answer 17

structure, function, division, movement

Question 18

What are the three major pieces of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 18

microTubules = Tubulin
microfilAments = Actin
intermediate filaments

Question 19

What is the function of microtubules?

Answer 19

• separation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
• cell movement (flagella)

Question 20

What is the function of microfilaments?

Answer 20

cell shape/movement

Question 21

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 21

-nuclear structure
-cell-cell interactions

Question 22

How is motion achieved in euk’s?

Answer 22

Cilia/flagella

Question 23

Cilia in euk.’s….

Answer 23

9+2 array of microtubules

1,2 comprise the motor axel = axoneme

Question 24

What are the motor proteins that “walk” along microtubule filaments?

Answer 24

Kinesin

Question 25

If an organism is heterotrophic, has a chitin cell wall, a nucleus, and a mitochondria but not a chloroplast, what type of euk. does it belong?

Answer 25

Fungi

Question 26

If an organism is heterotrophic, doesn't have a cell wall, has a nucleus, and a mitochondria, but not a chloroplast, what type of euk. does it belong?

Answer 26

Protozoa

Question 27

If an organism is heterotrophic, doesn't have a cell wall, has a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplast, what type of euk. does it belong?

Answer 27

Slime molds

Question 28

If an organism is phototrophic, has a cellulose cell wall, a nucleus, mitochondria AND chloroplast, what type of euk. does it belong?

Answer 28

Algae

Question 29

What is the model organism for Fungi?

Answer 29

Bakers yeast (s. cerevisiae)

Question 30

What are the five types of fungi phylogeny?

Answer 30

1. chytridio- = "watermolds" 2. zygo- = bread mold 3. glomer- = plants/trees "soil born" 4. asco- = "spore shooters" 5. basidio- = typical mushroom "spore droppers" *-mycota

Question 31

What is the model organism for protozoa?

Answer 31

Giardia lamblia

Question 32

What is/are the model organism for slime moulds?

Answer 32

D. discoideum Physarum

Question 33

What happens to flagella at low pH? High?

Answer 33

Low: - flagella fall off High: - flagella regenerate

Question 34

What are some key features of algae?

Answer 34

- multicellular - all are photosynthetic w cellulose cell walls

Question 35

What is the model organism for algae?

Answer 35

Chlamydomonas

Question 36

What are the two forms of replication in euk.'s?

Answer 36

Mitosis Meiosis (sexual reproduction)

Question 37

Chlamydomonas life cycle

Answer 37

maintains a motile haploid state - only fuse into diploid in bad conditions (creating spores)

Question 38

Dictyostelium discoideum life cycle

Answer 38

multicellular "slug" formed with a stalk and fruiting body that later releases spores (has three cycles: sexual, social, vegetative)

Question 39

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 39

archaea ingested bacteria and created symbiotic relationship

Question 40

Whats a common example of a symbiotic relationship in modern day cells?

Answer 40

Paramecium ingests algae and use them for photosynthesis

Question 41

What are some diseases that protozoa can cause?

Answer 41

malaria, African sleeping sickness

Question 42

What types of infections do fungi cause?

Answer 42

Surface infections

Question 43

What fungal infection affects trees and causes them to have a dark colouring?

Answer 43

Rhytisma

Question 44

What are the beneficial roles of eukaryal microbes?

Answer 44

primary produces provide energy