Topic 10 Organic Flashcards
(77 cards)
What type of acids are carboxylic acids and why?
Weak acids due to delocalization of charge over three atoms, which does not readily attract H+ ions.
What are amines considered as?
Weak bases and substituted compounds of NH3.
What defines a primary alcohol?
Has two hydrogen atoms on the neighboring carbon atom.
What can primary alcohols be oxidized to?
Aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids.
What happens to ethanol when oxidized by Cr2O72-?
It is oxidized to ethanal, while Cr2O72- is reduced to Cr3+.
What characterizes a secondary alcohol?
Has one hydrogen atom on the neighboring carbon atom.
What can secondary alcohols be oxidized to?
Ketones.
What is a tertiary alcohol characterized by?
No hydrogen atoms attached to the neighboring carbon atom.
Can tertiary alcohols be oxidized further?
No.
What is the shape of benzene?
Hexagonal with delocalized π bonds.
What type of reactions do benzene undergo?
Substitution rather than addition reactions.
What factors influence boiling and melting points?
Intermolecular forces; greater intermolecular forces result in higher melting and boiling points.
What occurs during bromination of an alkene?
Yellow/orange bromine is decolorized due to an addition reaction.
What is a carbocation?
A cation where carbon carries most of the positive charge.
What is the valence shell configuration of carbon?
Always forms 4 covalent bonds due to having 4 electrons in its valence shell.
What is a chiral center?
An asymmetric carbon atom with four different functional groups attached.
Define cis-isomer.
Geometric isomer with similar groups on the same side of the double bond.
What is a condensation reaction?
Reaction where two molecules join with the loss of a small molecule, typically water.
What is dehydration in the context of alcohols?
Loss of water; can occur when alcohols are refluxed with concentrated sulfuric acid.
What is esterification?
Process of converting an alcohol and a carboxylic acid into an ester and water, often with acid catalysis.
What occurs during heterolytic fission?
The more electronegative atom takes both electrons from the bond.
What happens during homolytic fission?
Each atom takes one electron from the bond, creating free radicals.
What is a free radical?
A species containing at least one unpaired electron, resulting from homolytic fission.
What is the functional group of alcohols?
-OH (IUPAC: -anol).
