Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KINE4505 > Topic 13-Cortical Networks > Flashcards

Topic 13-Cortical Networks Flashcards

1
Q

What are cortical networks in the brain, and how do they function?

A

Cortical networks are functional regions of the brain where different brain regions work together, rather than independently, to perform various cognitive tasks and functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the primary function of subcortical white matter in the brain?

A

Contains myelianed axons, allowing for transmission between brain regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of the inside (white matter) and otuside (grey matter) in the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A

The inside (white matter tracts) is responsible for transmitting information between different brain regions and the outside (gray matter is involved in processing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 3 categories of white matter fibers in the brain:

A
  1. Projection ​
  2. Association​
  3. Commissural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the primary characteristic of projection fibers in the brain?

A

Projection fibers primarily connect subcortical structures to the cortical regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Through which structure do almost all projection fibers travel?

A

Almost all projection fibers travel through the internal capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can you provide an example of a projection fiber pathway in the brain?

A

An example of projection fibers is the pathway from the basal ganglia to the thalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to projection fibers above the internal capsule?

A

Above the internal capsule, the axons of projection fibers spread out to form the corona radiata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three regions of the internal capsule?

A

The three regions of the internal capsule are the Anterior limb, Genu, and Posterior limb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the anterior limb of the internal capsule contain, and what is its role?

A

Contains cortical pontine fibers going to the pons and connects the thalamus and cortical limbic areas, contributing to voluntary muscle movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the genu contain and what is its function?

A

Contains fibers that project to cranial nerve nuclei and the reticular formation.
Function: Various motor and cognitive functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Waht does the posterior limb of the internal capsule contain? What is its function?

A

Contains cortical pontine fibers and corticospinothalamic projections transmitting sensory and motor info to the brain, including touch and pain sensations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the result of a lesion in the internal capsule?

A

Result in sensory and motor impairments, leading to neurological deficits such as weakness or loss of sensation on one side of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of Association Fibers

A

Connect cortical regions within one hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main role of short association fibers?

A

Short association fibers connect adjacent gyri, facilitating local communication within the same hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary function of long association fibers?

A

Long assocation fibers connect entire lobes within one hemisphere, enabling long-range communication and complex cognitive functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus?

A

Connects all the lobes of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which brain regions are connected by the Uncinate Fasciculus?

A

Connects the frontal and temporal lobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which lobes are connected by the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus?

A

Connects the temporal and occipital lobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the Cingulum connect in the brain?

A

Connects the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes within the same hemisphere, facilitating communication between these regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of commissural fibers

A

Connects corresponding regions of the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication and coordination between the left and right sides of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary and most well-known commissural fiber in the brain?

A

The corpus callosum, which connects the two cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can happen if there’s a lesion to the corpus callosum or all commissures?

A

Can lead to a split brain syndrome which disrupts communication between the left and right hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does lateralization of function refer to?

A

Lateralization of function refers to the specialization of different brain hemispheres for specific cognitive tasks or functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does lateralization of speech typically occur in right-handed individuals?

A

In right-handed individuals, speech is usually lateralized to the left hemisphere, while the right hemisphere may have more bilateral representation of speech functions.

26
Q

What is Alien Hand Syndrome? When is it usually observed?

A

1) Involuntary but seemingly purposeful unilateral limb movements
2) Observed after damage to corpus callousm and medial motor areas, usually after a stroke

27
Q

What is the dual premotor system hypothesis?

A

Suggests that there are two distinct premotor systems in the brain: Lateral premotor regions are involved in externally cued movements, while medial premotor regions are responsible for internally-generated movements.

28
Q

What does Alien Hand Syndrome result from, according to the dual premotor hypothesis ?

A

This syndrome may result from an imbalance between the lateral and medial premotor systems in the brain, leading to uncontrolled or involuntary movements of one hand.

29
Q

What is “Left hand apraxia” following a lesion to the corpus callosum?

A

When can’t mimic how to use objects with your left hand after a brain injury to the corpus callosum, even if someone tells you or shows you how.

30
Q

Explain how lateralization of function may contribute to left hand apraxia?

A

Lateralization of function means that in left-handed individuals, the right hemisphere of the brain typically controls motor planning for the left hand. Damage or impairment to this right hemisphere can disrupt the brain’s ability to plan and execute movements with the left hand, potentially leading to left-hand apraxia.

31
Q

What does the primary motor cortex control?

A

The primary motor cortex controls both contralateral (opposite side) and ipsilateral (same side) hand movements.

32
Q

What happens in the primary motor cortex during left-hand use for contralateral movements?

A

The right primary motor cortex becomes active when the left hand is used for contralateral movements

33
Q

How does the left primary motor cortex respond to hand movements?

A

The left primary motor cortex is active during movements of either hand, whether they are contralateral (opposite side) or ipsilateral (same side).

34
Q

What differences are observed between left-handed and right-handed individuals in motor cortex activity?

A

Left-handed individuals show more left motor cortex activity for all movements, while right-handed individuals have more right cortex activity for contralateral movements.​

35
Q

What is a notable example of lateralization in motor regions related to motor planning?

A

Left-brain dominance is observed for motor planning, where the left hemisphere of the brain plays a more significant role in this aspect.

36
Q

How is lateralization seen in complex sequence performance in the premotor and parietal regions?

A

Lateralization was observed as follows:
1) Left-brain lesion patients had slower imagery for both hands.
2) Right-brain lesion patients had slowed imagery specifically in the left hand.
3) The left brain showed more activity for complex finger sequences compared to the right brain.

37
Q

What role do premotor regions play in relation to information from the posterior half of the brain?

A

Premotor regions use information from the posterior half of the brain to select behaviors and muscle synergies, allowing them to relate the target to the body’s position for action.

38
Q

Besides sensory information, what else do premotor regions integrate?

A

Premotor regions also integrate cognitive information and rules for movement, including “arbitrary associations” discussed earlier, which guide motor planning and execution.

39
Q

What is the function of VIP (Ventral Intraparietal Area)?

A

Pocesses visual and spatial information to guide hand movements.

40
Q

What role does MIP (Medial Intraparietal Area) play in sensory processing?

A

MIP (dorsal brain area) is involved in processing proprioceptive and tactile sensations related to limb position.

41
Q

What is the primary function of AIP (Anterior Intraparietal Area)?

A

AIP plays a role in visually identifying and recognizing objects for grasping.

42
Q

What is LIP (Lateral Intraparietal Area) responsible for?

A

LIP is responsible for processing visual information related to spatial attention and eye movements, also processes neck and head position for spatial awarness

43
Q

How do AIP (Anterior Intraparietal Area) neurons respond during visual fixation and object grasping?

A

AIP neuron activity varies depending on the object being grasped.

44
Q

What type of information do some AIP neurons respond to?

A

Some AIP neurons respond to purely visual information.

45
Q

What is the preference of AIP neurons in the parietal grasp area during object grasping?

A

In the parietal grasp area, there is a preference for visual and visual-motor responses over motor-only responses during object grasping.

46
Q

How might ventral premotor area use information from AIP (Anterior Intraparietal Area) in motor tasks?

A

PMv may use information about the size, shape, and orientation of objects from AIP to select appropriate hand shapes for specific tasks.

47
Q

What was observed in two examples of PMv motor neurons when tested with the original turntable?

A

These PMv motor neurons showed increased activity across various movements but still exhibited some shape selectivity.

48
Q

Are the premotor cells more motor-focused or visual-focused?

A

Premotor cells are more “motor” focused but still integrate object properties into their activity to some extent.

49
Q

What areas are active in human brain during object manipualtion?

A

1) Anterior region of IPS
2) PMV (ventral premotor area)

50
Q

Function/ Selectivity of Premotor Ventral Neurons

A

Premotor Ventral Neurons:
Function: Primarily involved in motor planning and execution.
Selectivity: Selective for specific motor actions and movements.

51
Q

Function/ Selectivity of AIP Neurons:

A

Function: Primarily involved in sensory processing related to object properties and their relevance for grasping and manipulation.
Selectivity: Selective for object properties, such as shape, size, and orientation, in the context of motor planning.- responds to pictures of graspable objects

52
Q

What are the two dorsal streams in the brain for processing visual information related to actions?

A

Grasping Actions: One dorsal stream for grasping, involving the medial intraparietal area (MIP).

Reaching Actions: The other dorsal stream also handles reaching, with the parietal occipital area (POA).

53
Q

What allows the brain to plan and execute grasping and reaching actions based on visual inputs in the dorsal streams?

A

Long fiber bundles transmit information forward in the dorsal streams, enabling the brain to plan and execute both grasping and reaching actions based on visual inputs.

54
Q

What are parietal cells sensitive to?

A

Direction sensitivity

55
Q

What does MI (Motor Cortex) primarily reflect?

A

MI primarily reflects biomechanical details, kinetics, and EMG/force profiles. (mechanical aspects of movements like force and muscle activity)

56
Q

What kind of information is reflected in the parietal area?

A

The parietal area reflects more kinematics (motion’s characteristics) and visual information, but it doesn’t reflect EMG/force profiles.

57
Q

What kind of information does MIP or area 5 provide?

A

MIP or area 5 provides information about how body segments are positioned, and its cells have “preferred postures.”

58
Q

How might the PMd use information from MIP neurons?

A

PMd might use information about the current posture from MIP neurons to plan movements.

59
Q

When are PMd cells active and what is their role during this time?

A

PMd cells become active when there’s a delay and specific rules are required to decide how to move in response to a given cue.

60
Q

What are the brain areas that are involved in making a simple movement?

A

Lateral premotor, medial premotor, M1, S1, PPC, basal ganglia, ventral stream, thalamus​

61
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Narrow band of white matter in the brain that serves as a major pathway for transmitting signals between different regions of the brain,

KINE4505 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions