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KINE4505 > Topic 11- Parietal Association Cortex > Flashcards

Topic 11- Parietal Association Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensory to motor transformation?

A

Sensory information (visual, somatosensation etc.) is integrated and used to generate an appropriate motor output.​

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2
Q

What is the function of the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)?

A

An association area involved in integration of sensory information

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3
Q

Where does PPC send info (output)

A

Motor areas (premotor area & M1), basal ganglia, cerebellum

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4
Q

Which specific regions make up the PPC?

A

The PPC includes the Superior Parietal Lobule (SPL), Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS), and Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL)

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5
Q

What anatomical feature divides the primary motor area from the primary somatosensory area in the brain?

A

The Central Sulcus divides the primary motor area anteriorly from the primary somatosensory area posteriorly in the brain.

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6
Q

What role does the Superior Parietal Lobule (SPL) play within the PPC?

A

Involved in processing sensory information related to visual and spatial/body awareness info

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7
Q

How does the Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) contribute to the PPC’s function?

A

Plays crucial role in spatial attention, eye movements, and coordination of sensory and motor functions

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8
Q

What is the significance of the Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL) in the PPC?

A

Associated with tasks involving language, mathematical operations, and certain types of memor

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9
Q

What is PPC (Assocation Area) important for?

A

Sensory to motor trasnformation

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10
Q

Where does PPC recieve inputs from?

A

primary motor areas

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11
Q

What is a characteristic feature of cells in the parietal association cortex? What is used this info useful?

A

Cells in the parietal association cortex have “preferred postures.” which provides info about how body segments are positioned

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12
Q

What is meant by “tonic activity” in the context of cells in the parietal association cortex?

A

Cells in the parietal association cortex exhibit constant activity, known as tonic activity

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13
Q

How does the level of tonic activity in the parietal association cortex vary?

A

The level of tonic activity varies based on the position of your arm in space.

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14
Q

In the experiment with the monkey, what did cells in the parietal cortex respond most to?

A

Cells in the parietal cortex were most excited when the visual position of the fake arm matched the actual location of the hidden real arm.

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15
Q

What does the experiment suggest about the integration of visual and proprioceptive information in the parietal cortex?

A

The experiment suggests that cells in the parietal cortex integrate information from both vision and proprioception, functioning more effectively when these inputs are aligned.

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16
Q

Advantages of Studying Leisons (2)

A

1) Provides insight into normal functioning of the brain.​
2)Tells you which areas are necessary for which functions​

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17
Q

Disadvantages of studying leisons

A

Lesions are rarely focal ​

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18
Q

Astereognosis, word of the day gnosis: knowledge ​

A

-Inability to recognize objects by touch alone​

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19
Q

What is Balint’s Syndrome? What are the three disorders that cause damage to the parteial cortex?

A

Includes visuomotor and visuospatial disorders
1) Simultanagnosia
2) Ocular apraxia
3) Optic ataxia

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20
Q

What areas of the brain does balint syndrome affect?

A

Bilateral damage to posterior parietal lobes​

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21
Q

Simultanagnosia

A

Inability to interpret the visual field as a whole​

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22
Q

Ocular apraxia

A

Deficit of visual scanning

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23
Q

Optic Apraxia

A

Inability to reach accurately under visual guidance​

24
Q

List three characteristics of Simultanagnosia

A

1)Difficulty copying/drawing/writing because they can’t see the end of the pen and what is on the paper at the same time.​

2)Spatial disorientation: unable to discern spatial properties of objects e.g. distance and size. ​

3) Difficulty describing complex scenes (eg. Boston cookie theft)​

25
Q

What does it mean when issues in the parietal lobe are described as “lateralized”?

A

Lateralization in the parietal lobe implies that damage on one side of the brain results in specific disorders distinct from damage on the other side.

26
Q

What characterizes Ocular Apraxia in terms of impaired visual scanning?

A

involves impaired voluntary visual scanning, where individuals struggle to move their eyes voluntarily.

27
Q

How does Apraxia resulting from left-side brain damage impact coordination?

A

Apraxia from left-side brain damage affects the right side of the visual space, leading to coordination difficulties on the right side.

28
Q

What is Neglect Syndrome, and how does it relate to brain damage?

A

Neglect syndrome, caused by damage on the right side of the brain, results in difficulties acknowledging or responding to the left side of space

29
Q

What is the primary difference between the dorsal and ventral streams in visual processing?

A

The dorsal stream processes vision for action, while the ventral stream processes vision for perception

30
Q

What characterizes Optic Ataxia?

A

Optic Ataxia is characterized by visuomotor deficits, specifically errors in visually-guided movements, such as reaching, pointing, or grasping objects.

31
Q

What distinguishes Optic Ataxia from other disorders?

A

1) It involves no other perceptual, motor, or somatosensory deficits.
2) Patients can recognize objects and perform tasks with their eyes closed, but struggle with visually-guided movements when their eyes are open.

32
Q

What is unilateral optic ataxia?

A

Unilateral optic ataxia occurs with damage to one parietal lobe, leading to errors in visually guided movements in the contralesional visual field and with the contralesional hand.

33
Q

What is bilateral optic ataxia?

A

Bilateral optic ataxia results from damage to both parietal lobes, causing errors in visually guided movements across the entire visual field and with both hands.

34
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia​ (damage to left side of the brain)

A

Loss of ability to perform previously learned motor tasks​

35
Q

Personal neglect syndrome ​

A

Lack of awareness of a body part​

36
Q

Where is neglect mostly found in the brain with lesions?

A

Mostly associated with right lesions in the Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL).

37
Q

Besides the IPL, what other brain areas may be associated with neglect?

A

Neglect may also be associated with the superior temporal cortex, a site in monkeys linked to spatial awareness. Additionally, some subcortical damage, including the basal ganglia and thalamus, may contribute to neglect.

38
Q

How is neglect characterized in terms of awareness of space?

A

Neglect is characterized by a lack of awareness of both personal and extra-personal space contralateral to the lesioned hemisphere.

39
Q

Can you provide examples of behaviors associated with neglect?

A

Yes, behaviors associated with neglect include the patient believing the left side of their body belongs to someone else, eating only the food on the right half of a plate, and performing tasks like dressing or shaving on one side only.

40
Q

What is the Cross-Out Test?

A

The Cross-Out Test involves patients crossing out horizontal dashes on a sheet using a pencil to observe their spatial awareness.

41
Q

What is the key observation in the Cross-Out Test for patients with neglect?

A

Patients with neglect tend to ignore the left side and focus only on the right side during the Cross-Out Test.

42
Q

What is the Force Plate Test used for?

A

The Force Plate Test is used to measure weight distribution in patients with neglect.

43
Q

What is the key observation in the weight distribution pattern of patients with neglect during the Force Plate Test?

A

Patients with neglect tend to distribute more weight to the right side, completely ignoring the left side, as revealed by the Force Plate Test.

44
Q

What do the illustrations in the neglect syndrome reveal about visual motor deficits?

A

The illustrations demonstrate visual motor deficits extending beyond hand movements, also impacting eye movements.

45
Q

Anosognosia-

A

The loss of recognition or awareness of a disease.​

46
Q

What are the functions associated with the Inferior Temporal (IT) cortex?

A

Object perception, recognition, and memory, including face perception.

47
Q

What is visual agnosia, and what are its characteristics?

A

Visual agnosia is the inability to recognize objects from sight. It involves deficient shape perception.

48
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

The inability to recognize faces by sight, including one’s own face. However, individuals with prosopagnosia can recognize faces by voice.

49
Q

What abilities are retained in individuals with parietal damage?

A

Individuals with parietal damage can recognize objects and judge relative distance and size.

50
Q

What deficits are observed in individuals with parietal damage?

A

1)Cannot make accurate visual guided actions e.g. saccades, pointing, grasping​

2) Lack of attention of space​

51
Q

What deficits are observed in individuals with inferior temporal damage?

A

1) Cannot recognize objects and faces and cannot judge relative distance and size.

52
Q

What abilities are retained in individuals with inferior temporal damage?

A

1) Can make accurate visually guided actions, taking shape into account, 2) remain aware of space.

53
Q

What is the role of the PPC (Posterior Parietal Cortex)?

A

The PPC is involved in transforming sensory cues into information regarding 1) the locations of objects in the environment, 2) the location of our limbs in the environment, and the 3) relative location of body segments. 4) It helps provide a “reference frame” for the world around us.

54
Q

Describe the Optic Ataxia Posting Task.

A

The Optic Ataxia Posting Task involves participants placing their hand through a slot with a specific orientation, leading to various orientations and errors.

55
Q

What is the Perceptual Matching Task?

A

The Perceptual Matching Task involves participants observing a slot and matching its orientation using a little card.

KINE4505 (16 decks)

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