TOPIC 13 - Inflammation

Question 1

inflammatory response

Answer 1

vascular response
cellular response
formation of exudate
healing

Question 2

local response to inflammation

Answer 2

redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function

Question 3

systemic response to inflammation

Answer 3

increased WBC
malaise
nausea
anorexia
increased pulse and resp rate
fever

Question 4

what follows a fever with a systemic response to inflammation

Answer 4

patient then experiences chills and shivers

Question 5

beneficial aspects of fever include

Answer 5

Increased killing of microorganisms
Increased phagocytosis
Increased proliferation of T cells

Question 6

acute types of inflammation

Answer 6

Healing occurs in 2 to 3 weeks, usually leaving no residual damage

Neutrophils are predominant cell type at site of inflammation

Question 7

subacute type of inflammation

Answer 7

Has same features as acute inflammation but persists longer

Question 8

chronic type of inflammation

Answer 8

May last for years
Injurious agent persists or repeats injury to site
Predominant cell types involved are lymphocytes and macrophages
May result from changes in immune system (e.g., autoimmune disease)

Question 9

acute interventions for inflammation

Answer 9

Observation
Vital signs
Fever management

Question 10

drug therapy for inflammation

Answer 10

Aspirin
Acetaminophen
NSAIDs
Corticosteroids

Question 11

healing includes what two major components

Answer 11

Regeneration
Repair

Question 12

three functions to immunity

Answer 12

Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance

Question 13

what is immunity

Answer 13

the body’s ability to resist disease

Question 14

types of immunity

Answer 14

innate
acquired
active and passive (natural)
active and passive (artificial)

Question 15

innate types of immunity

Answer 15

Present at birth
First-line defense against pathogens

Question 16

acquired immunity

Answer 16

Developed immunity
can be active or passive

Question 17

natural active immunity

Answer 17

Natural contact with antigen through actual infection (e.g., chickenpox, measles, mumps)

Question 18

natural passive immunity

Answer 18

Transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child (e.g., maternal immunoglobulins passed to baby)

Question 19

artificial active immunity

Answer 19

Immunization with antigen (e.g., vaccines for chickenpox, measles, mumps)

Question 20

artificial passive immunity

Answer 20

Injection of serum with antibodies from one person (e.g., injection of hepatitis B immune globulin) to another person who does not have antibodies

Question 21

antigens definition

Answer 21

Substances the body recognizes as foreign that elicit an immune response
Most are composed of protein

Question 22

antibodies definition

Answer 22

Immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens

Question 23

central primary lymphoid organs

Answer 23

thymus
bone marrow

Question 24

function of thymus

Answer 24

Involved in the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes

Question 25

function of bone marrow

Answer 25

Produces RBCs

Question 26

peripheral lymphoid organs

Answer 26

Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Lymphoid tissues associated with gut, genitals, bronchi, and skin

Question 27

mononuclear phagocytes

Answer 27

Include monocytes in blood and macrophages found throughout body Capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an immune response Capture antigens by phagocytosis

Question 28

lymphocytes

Answer 28

Produced in bone marrow Eventually migrate to peripheral organs Differentiate into B and T lymphocytes

Question 29

cytokine types

Answer 29

Interleukins Interferons Tumor necrosis factor Colony-stimulating factors Erythropoietin

Question 30

mechanism of action of interferons

Answer 30

When a virus attacks a cell, the cell begins to synthesize viral DNA and interferon. Interferon serves as an intercellular messenger. Interferon induces the production of antiviral proteins. Then the virus is not able to replicate in the cell.

Question 31

humoral mediated immunity

Answer 31

Bacteria Viruses (extracellular) Respiratory pathogens GI pathogens

Question 32

cellular mediated immunity

Answer 32

Fungus Viruses (intracellular) Chronic infectious agents Tumor cells

Question 33

IgG

Answer 33

Found in plasma and interstitial fluid. Crosses placenta to provide newborn with passive acquired immunity.

Question 34

IgA

Answer 34

Found in body secretions: saliva, tears, breast milk, colostrum. Lines mucous membranes

Question 35

IgM

Answer 35

Largest found in plasma; responsible for primary immune response; forms antibodies to ABO blood antigens

Question 36

IgD

Answer 36

Found in plasma; ;present on lymphocyte surface; assists in differentiation of B lymphocytes

Question 37

IgE

Answer 37

Found in plasma and interstitial fluids; causes symptoms of allergic reaction

Question 38

humoral immunity

Answer 38

When an individual is exposed to an antigen for a second time, response is faster (1 to 3 days) and lasts longer

Question 39

what is the main product of secondary response

Answer 39

IgG rather IgM

Question 40

Immunosenescence

Answer 40

increased incidence of tumors greater susceptibility to infection increased autoantibodies decreased cell mediated immunity thymic involution delayed hypersensitivity reaction decreased IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis decreased expression of IL-2 receptors decreased proliferation response of T and B cells decreased primary and secondary antibody responses