Topic 15 – Disk management Flashcards
1
Q
what is formatting known as within:
- windows
- linux
A
the “terminology” for this is
- windows
- formatting the disk
- linux
- building a file system
2
Q
what gain is there for a file system by loading its intermeditae tables into memory
A
a file system will typically use these to hold the physcal address of eah block for the file
loading this into memory instead of leaving it on disk significantly increases performance
3
Q
what is the basic syntax to mount a drive using the linux command
mount
A
for this:
mount -t file-system-type drive-name mount-directory
- -t file-system-type - specifies the file system type (if -t is ommited linux will inspect the partition for the file system type)
- drive-name - specifies the drive name (located in the /dev directory)
- mount-directory - specifies the directory upon which you wish to mount the file system
4
Q
this disk operation would:
- directory
- same filesystem: A new filename entry is created and the original deleted
- different file system: a copy will be needed if moving to a new file system such as a separate disk drive and then a delete)
- intermediate data structures
- no change
- data blocks
- no change
A
what effect would a
MOVE disk operation
have on each each of the following
- directory
- intermediate data structures
- data blocks
5
Q
- directory
- this will hold a file name and a reference to its inode
- inode
- this will hold metadata of the file such as:
- permissions
- ownership
- access time
- will also hold a reference to each block that the file is physically located in
- this will hold metadata of the file such as:
A
describe the data structure of linux
inodes
6
Q
describe the linux directory
/dev/block
A
this linux directory will display all block devices that are currently attached.
The contents will display the block device as its major:minor device id that is used internally by linux.
These files in turn point to there associated file in the /dev directory
7
Q
to deliver this an OS can use:
- Storing multiple copies of data structures on a disk
- Periodically flushing changes to the data structures held in disk
- i.e updating the data structures before the buffer is ready to make an I/O operation
- Journaling
A
name 3 methods upon which operating systems implement in order to
deliver a robust file system
8
Q
explain the difference between a
partition table and a file system on a disk
A
- partition table
- is created by a partition scheme such as MBR and will reference any created partitions and where they are located
- file system
- this will occupy the disk and partitions it will include its own data structures that are used to reference the location of files
9
Q
what is
GUID Partition Table (GPT)
A
a formatting scheme that allows for more flexibility such as a wider range of partition types
10
Q
what effect would a
RENAME disk operation
have on each each of the following
- directory
- intermediate data structures
- data blocks
A
this disk operation:
- directory
- The filename entry is updated
- intermediate data structures
- no change
- data blocks
- no change
11
Q
this is a file that contains details and options for any drives and partitions.
There are many options but a primary use is to configure drives here so they can be mounted on demand or on every boot
note
the option default is configured with many “default” options already set such as auto that means it will be mounted at boot time automatically
A
describe the linux directory
/etc/fstab
12
Q
this linux command is used to mount a file system to the root directory hierarchy
A
describe the linux command
mount
13
Q
what is the size of an
inode
A
this has the size of 1 block
(typically 512 bytes)
14
Q
before taking this action you must create a new directory upon which to perform this on
the reason is that once this action is performed any files or directories within said directory will become inaccessible
A
what action should you perform
before mounting a file sytem to a directory and why
15
Q
this is the act of placing a file system onto a disks partition
A
what is
formatting
16
Q
this is a record held by the file system that holds changes that will be made
in the event of a power failure or crash this can be referenced in order to start a repair and carry out the tasks that didnt complete
A
what is
journaling
17
Q
name 3 methods upon which operating systems implement in order to
deliver a robust file system
A
to deliver this an OS can use:
- Storing multiple copies of data structures on a disk
- Periodically flushing changes to the data structures held in disk
- i.e updating the data structures before the buffer is ready to make an I/O operation
- Journaling
18
Q
what is the
Linux virtual file system (VFS)
A
this is a virtual files system that linux provides
it is a software layer that sits on top of all physical file systems
it provides common operations to the userspace such as open(2), stat(2), chmod(2), and similar system calls and aslo alllows different specific file systems to replace or supplement this with additional functionality
19
Q
describe the
execution process of using extents
A
- the directory is looked at for the file name
- the file name holds a reference with it to its intermedite table (inode for linux)
- the intermediate table will reference the start and length of every extent
20
Q
this has the size of 1 block
(typically 512 bytes)
A
what is the size of an
inode
21
Q
within linux what will all attached devices be given and where can these attached devices be found
A
within linux:
- these are named by the OS
- they can be found within /dev directory
22
Q
for this:
mount -t file-system-type drive-name mount-directory
- -t file-system-type - specifies the file system type (if -t is ommited linux will inspect the partition for the file system type)
- drive-name - specifies the drive name (located in the /dev directory)
- mount-directory - specifies the directory upon which you wish to mount the file system
A
what is the basic syntax to mount a drive using the linux command
mount
23
Q
describe the linux command
mkfs
A
this stands for make file system and is used to build a file system on a disk or partitions
24
Q
within linux:
- these are named by the OS
- they can be found within /dev directory
A
within linux what will all attached devices be given and where can these attached devices be found
25
describe the data structure of
## Footnote
**extents**
* directory
* this will hold the file name and its reference to an intermediate table
* intermediate table (inode for linux)
* this will hold the start and the length of every extent on disk
26
wha is an
## Footnote
**extent**
this is extent is a run of contigious blocks
27
these include:
* **Mkfs.***type disk-location*
* **Mkfs -t** *type disk-location*
* type -* the type of file system to build on the disk or partition
* disk-location* - the location of the disk which will be located inside the /dev directory
describe two syntaxes for formatting a disk within the linux terminal
using mkfs
28
this can be mounted to any directory within linux
however the conventional directory is /mnt
what locations can a new file system be mounted to in linux
29
what is
## Footnote
**Contiguous allocation**
this is a method of allocating disk blocks to a file in an unbroken sequence
30
describe the basic sysntax for the linux command
## Footnote
**chown**
this will be:
**Chown** *user:group file*
* *user:group* - specifies the user and group that ownership is to be transferred to (if group is ommitted it is left unchanged)
* *file* - specidies the file upon which the action will take place
31
what is
## Footnote
**journaling**
this is a record held by the file system that holds changes that will be made
in the event of a power failure or crash this can be referenced in order to start a repair and carry out the tasks that didnt complete
32
give an example of
## Footnote
**journaling in action**
if a file is deleted then the first task is to delete the reference in the directory then the second task is to delete its Inode
if a power failure happened between these steps then journaling provides a way of ensuring that the inode is removed if journaling were not used then the inode would remain and disk space has been wasted (storage leak)
33
this is a CLI utility program within linux that can be used to create and manipulate partition tables on a disk
describe the linux command
## Footnote
**fdisk**
34
this includes
1. A free space list is created
2. Using a FAT based system a FAT table will be created
3. A root directory is created using a block from the free space list
4. The root directory is recorded in the FAT or inode
5. The location of the root directory is recorded in the VBR which itself is held in the first sector of the disk (this means the OS can always get access to the root directory from here)
describe the five steps that take place under the hood when formatting a disk with the FAT file system
35
what is the linux
## Footnote
**naming convention for disk drives**
the linux OS will name these in the following way
* name will begin with sd (standing for SCSI drive)
* sd
* the next letter represents the drive and will increment with every drive
* sda
* the next number represents a partition and will increment with every partition on that drive
* sda1
36
also known as change owner is used to change the ownership of a file
describe the linux command
## Footnote
**chown**
37
* advantages
* Files can be allocated disk blocks in any order
* Appending data to a file is trivial
* disadvantages
* Performance can be degraded if files become to fragmented
* as the size of the disk drive grows so to must this table which increases the size needed and the time it takes to read
name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of
## Footnote
**File Allocation Table (FAT)**
38
name 3 file systems that use
## Footnote
**journaling**
the file systems that use this are:
* Windows
* new technology file system (NTFS)
* macOS
* apple file system (APFS)
* linux
* extended file system version 4 (EXT4)
39
describe the linux command
## Footnote
**fdisk**
this is a CLI utility program within linux that can be used to create and manipulate partition tables on a disk
40
what is the outcome of typing the linux command
## Footnote
**df -T-a**
this provides a longer list of mount points
although most will be directories and files that support the /sys direcory and provide information about the system and so take up 0 space
41
this will display a more detailed list of free space on present file systems such as the type of file system being used
what is the outcome of typing the linux command
## Footnote
**df -T**
42
how do the following
**mount different file systems such as drives and partitions**
* windows
* linux
to accomplish this:
* windows
* will require each new file system to have a drive letter and a new file hierarchy will be created for each file system
* linux
* file systems are named by linux and they will be mounted to a single directory hierarchy
43
the linux file system that uses this is
## Footnote
**Extended File System 2 (EXT2)**
which linux file system uses pure
## Footnote
**inodes**
44
* this is located at sector 0 of the physical disk meaning that any OS will be able to discover this information without knowing anything about the disk format
* information about the format of the disk such as any partitioning and the location of those partitions
where is the
**Master Boot Record (MBR)**
located and what information does it hold
45
describe the data structure of linux
## Footnote
**inodes**
* directory
* this will hold a file name and a reference to its inode
* inode
* this will hold metadata of the file such as:
* permissions
* ownership
* access time
* will also hold a reference to each block that the file is physically located in
46
in this case indirect inodes are created
the first inode will reference indirect inodes which then point to the physical block
this is a scalable system that introduces further layers of indirect blocks to accomidate large files
what happens if a files data
## Footnote
**exceeds the size of an inode**
47
name 3
## Footnote
**advantages of inodes**
* advantages
* these are loaded into memory so finding the files next block is faster than finding the block if the reference stayed on disk
* Are flexible and can accommodate files of great size by extending the blocks via indirect blocks
* Data blocks can be kept anywhere on secondary storage
48
this will store data in an unbroken sequence of blocks on disk
Within the directory there will be a reference to the file:
* with its name
* the start of the block
* how many blocks it has allocated to it
describe the data structure of
## Footnote
**Contiguos allocation**
including the directory structure
49
no this behaivour is not default
in order to maintain the mounted drive you must add a listing to the /etc/fstab configuration file
does a mounted file system remain mounted upon a reboot
50
this stands for Temporary file system (Tmpfs)
this is a a file system that keeps all of its data stored on ram and appears as a mounted file system
what is the
**tmpfs**
file system that can be seen from the output of commands such as df
51
* directory
* this will hold the file name and the starting block for the file
* FAT table
* this holds a reference for the next block of data to be read for the file
describe the data structure of
**File Allocation Table (FAT)**
52
the effect of this disk operation would be:
* directory
* The entry is removed
* intermediate data structures
* Inode if used is moved to a list of free blocks
* data blocks
* Moved to a list of free blocks, data may remain though
what effect would a
DELETE disk operation
have on each each of the following
* directory
* intermediate data structures
* data blocks
53
describe the data structure of
## Footnote
**Contiguos allocation**
including the directory structure
this will store data in an unbroken sequence of blocks on disk
Within the directory there will be a reference to the file:
* with its name
* the start of the block
* how many blocks it has allocated to it
54
this linux directory will display all block devices that are currently attached.
The contents will display the block device as its major:minor device id that is used internally by linux.
These files in turn point to there associated file in the /dev directory
describe the linux directory
## Footnote
**/dev/block**
55
name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of
## Footnote
**File Allocation Table (FAT)**
* advantages
* Files can be allocated disk blocks in any order
* Appending data to a file is trivial
* disadvantages
* Performance can be degraded if files become to fragmented
* as the size of the disk drive grows so to must this table which increases the size needed and the time it takes to read
56
This is a method for allocating files to disk blocks.
It involves a table that will reference the next block of the file
what is
## Footnote
**File Allocation Table (FAT)**
57
what action should you perform
## Footnote
**before mounting a file sytem to a directory and why**
before taking this action you must create a new directory upon which to perform this on
the reason is that once this action is performed any files or directories within said directory will become inaccessible
58
which linux file system uses pure
## Footnote
**inodes**
the linux file system that uses this is
## Footnote
**Extended File System 2 (EXT2)**
59
where is the
**Master Boot Record (MBR)**
located and what information does it hold
* this is located at sector 0 of the physical disk meaning that any OS will be able to discover this information without knowing anything about the disk format
* information about the format of the disk such as any partitioning and the location of those partitions
60
* advantages
* these are loaded into memory so finding the files next block is faster than finding the block if the reference stayed on disk
* Are flexible and can accommodate files of great size by extending the blocks via indirect blocks
* Data blocks can be kept anywhere on secondary storage
name 3
## Footnote
**advantages of inodes**
61
* advantage
* The read head will be able to read all data from start block to the end block at its maximum speed
* Excelllent for media that is read only such as cd-roms and dvds
* If data needs to be appended to a file and there is no room at the end of its last block then the data will have to be placed elsewhere and then appended this leaves gaps and wastes time
name an advantage and disdvantage of
## Footnote
**Contiguos allocation**
62
what does the linux command fdisk appear to do but does not actually carry out
can mark a partition with a file system but it does not actually create the file system
**it is merely a marker.**
To create a file system the mkfs utility program must be used
63
* partition table
* is created by a partition scheme such as MBR and will reference any created partitions and where they are located
* file system
* this will occupy the disk and partitions it will include its own data structures that are used to reference the location of files
explain the difference between a
## Footnote
**partition table and a file system on a disk**
64
a formatting scheme that allows for more flexibility such as a wider range of partition types
what is
## Footnote
**GUID Partition Table (GPT)**
65
what is the outcome of typing the linux command
## Footnote
**df -T**
this will display a more detailed list of free space on present file systems such as the type of file system being used
66
describe the data structure of
**File Allocation Table (FAT)**
* directory
* this will hold the file name and the starting block for the file
* FAT table
* this holds a reference for the next block of data to be read for the file
67
when attaching an already formatted removable media such as a USB drive to a linux system
* is manual mounting required
* where will the usb file system be mounted
when this action occurs:
* manual mounting is not required although under the hood similar steps to manual mounting will take place
* this will be mounted to the /media directory
68
describe the linux directory
/etc/fstab
this is a file that contains details and options for any drives and partitions.
There are many options but a primary use is to configure drives here so they can be mounted on demand or on every boot
_note_
the option default is configured with many "default" options already set such as auto that means it will be mounted at boot time automatically
69
these include:
* Security
* Ownership
* Names and paths
* Common operations such as READ, WRITE
the benefit that this brings for an OS is that it can build modules in a lyered fashion where more fine grain control can be implemented the further down the layers you go
what are
**4 commonalities that all file systems will share**
and
**what benefit does this bring for an OS**
70
this disk operation:
* directory
* The filename entry is updated
* intermediate data structures
* no change
* data blocks
* no change
what effect would a
**RENAME disk operation**
have on each each of the following
* directory
* intermediate data structures
* data blocks
71
the steps to accomplish this are:
1. partition the disk
2. build the file system
3. mount the file system
what are the 3 steps required to
## Footnote
**setup a new disk drive on linux via the terminal**
72
this will display a list of all current mount points
it is not a very readable output as it is intended to be used by other software
describe the linux directory
## Footnote
**/proc/mounts**
73
describe the linux directory
## Footnote
**/proc/mounts**
this will display a list of all current mount points
it is not a very readable output as it is intended to be used by other software
74
this linux command will display information about all block devices, such as name, device id, size and type
describe the linux command
**Lsblk**
75
what locations can a new file system be mounted to in linux
this can be mounted to any directory within linux
however the conventional directory is /mnt
76
name an advantage and disdvantage of
## Footnote
**Contiguos allocation**
* advantage
* The read head will be able to read all data from start block to the end block at its maximum speed
* Excelllent for media that is read only such as cd-roms and dvds
* If data needs to be appended to a file and there is no room at the end of its last block then the data will have to be placed elsewhere and then appended this leaves gaps and wastes time
77
what effect would a
**COPY disk operation**
have on each each of the following
* directory
* intermediate data structures
* data blocks
this disk operation:
* directory
* New entry copying the original
* intermediate data structures
* New entry copying the original
* data blocks
* New entry copying the original
78
what are the 3 steps required to
## Footnote
**setup a new disk drive on linux via the terminal**
the steps to accomplish this are:
1. partition the disk
2. build the file system
3. mount the file system
79
also known as an index node is an intermediate reference point for the linux file system that lies between the directory and the actual disk drive
this will hold a files metadata and the files block numbers
what is an
## Footnote
**inode**
80
to accomplish this:
* windows
* will require each new file system to have a drive letter and a new file hierarchy will be created for each file system
* linux
* file systems are named by linux and they will be mounted to a single directory hierarchy
how do the following
**mount different file systems such as drives and partitions**
* windows
* linux
81
what is
## Footnote
**File Allocation Table (FAT)**
This is a method for allocating files to disk blocks.
It involves a table that will reference the next block of the file
82
what are
**4 commonalities that all file systems will share**
and
**what benefit does this bring for an OS**
these include:
* Security
* Ownership
* Names and paths
* Common operations such as READ, WRITE
the benefit that this brings for an OS is that it can build modules in a lyered fashion where more fine grain control can be implemented the further down the layers you go
83
describe the steps of how an
* applcation
* file system module
* I/O module
work together in order to read a file for example
the steps here would include
1. the shell/application making an API call to the file system module such as READ
2. the file system module runs its READ routine and makes a system call to the I/O module
3. the I/O module communicates with the device driver
4. the device driver communicates with the disk drive in order to carry out the read operation
Shell \> API \> File system module \> system call \> I/O module \> device driver \> hardware
84
name 3 file systems that make use of
## Footnote
**extents**
file systems that use this include:
* Windows NTFS (New Technology File System)
* Extensible file alloaction table (exFAT)
* Linux extended file system version 4 (ext4)
85
describe the 6 columns of the table structure used by the configuration file
/etc/fstab
* **Device**: usually the given name or UUID of the mounted device (sda1/sda2/etc).
* **Mount Poin**t: designates the directory where the device is/will be mounted.
* **File System Type**: nothing trick here, shows the type of filesystem in use.
* **Options**: lists any active mount options. If using multiple options they must be separated by commas.
* **Backup Operation**: (the first digit) this is a binary system where 1 = dump utility backup of a partition. 0 = no backup. This is an outdated backup method and should NOT be used.
* **File System Check Order**: (second digit) Here we can see three possible outcomes. 0 means that fsck will not check the filesystem. Numbers higher than this represent the check order. The root filesystem should be set to 1 and other partitions set to 2.
source(An introduction to the Linux /etc/fstab file | Enable Sysadmin (redhat.com))
86
a file system will typically use these to hold the physcal address of eah block for the file
loading this into memory instead of leaving it on disk significantly increases performance
what gain is there for a file system by loading its intermeditae tables into memory
87
if a file is deleted then the first task is to delete the reference in the directory then the second task is to delete its Inode
if a power failure happened between these steps then journaling provides a way of ensuring that the inode is removed if journaling were not used then the inode would remain and disk space has been wasted (storage leak)
give an example of
## Footnote
**journaling in action**
88
when this action occurs:
* manual mounting is not required although under the hood similar steps to manual mounting will take place
* this will be mounted to the /media directory
when attaching an already formatted removable media such as a USB drive to a linux system
* is manual mounting required
* where will the usb file system be mounted
89
this is a virtual files system that linux provides
it is a software layer that sits on top of all physical file systems
it provides common operations to the userspace such as open(2), stat(2), chmod(2), and similar system calls and aslo alllows different specific file systems to replace or supplement this with additional functionality
what is the
## Footnote
**Linux virtual file system (VFS)**
90
what is an
## Footnote
**inode**
also known as an index node is an intermediate reference point for the linux file system that lies between the directory and the actual disk drive
this will hold a files metadata and the files block numbers
91
this will be:
**Chown** *user:group file*
* *user:group* - specifies the user and group that ownership is to be transferred to (if group is ommitted it is left unchanged)
* *file* - specidies the file upon which the action will take place
describe the basic sysntax for the linux command
## Footnote
**chown**
92
can mark a partition with a file system but it does not actually create the file system
**it is merely a marker.**
To create a file system the mkfs utility program must be used
what does the linux command fdisk appear to do but does not actually carry out
93
what effect would a
**MOVE disk operation**
have on each each of the following
* directory
* intermediate data structures
* data blocks
this disk operation would:
* directory
* same filesystem: A new filename entry is created and the original deleted
* different file system: a copy will be needed if moving to a new file system such as a separate disk drive and then a delete)
* intermediate data structures
* no change
* data blocks
* no change
94
describe the linux command
## Footnote
**mount**
this linux command is used to mount a file system to the root directory hierarchy
95
file systems that use this include:
* Windows NTFS (New Technology File System)
* Extensible file alloaction table (exFAT)
* Linux extended file system version 4 (ext4)
name 3 file systems that make use of
## Footnote
**extents**
96
what effect would a
DELETE disk operation
have on each each of the following
* directory
* intermediate data structures
* data blocks
the effect of this disk operation would be:
* directory
* The entry is removed
* intermediate data structures
* Inode if used is moved to a list of free blocks
* data blocks
* Moved to a list of free blocks, data may remain though
97
what is
## Footnote
**formatting**
this is the act of placing a file system onto a disks partition
98
this linux command is used to unmount file systems from the directory hierarchy
describe the linux command
**umount**
_note_
notice the u
99
does a mounted file system remain mounted upon a reboot
no this behaivour is not default
in order to maintain the mounted drive you must add a listing to the /etc/fstab configuration file
100
describe the linux command
**Lsblk**
this linux command will display information about all block devices, such as name, device id, size and type
101
describe the linux command
**umount**
_note_
notice the u
this linux command is used to unmount file systems from the directory hierarchy
102
this provides a longer list of mount points
although most will be directories and files that support the /sys direcory and provide information about the system and so take up 0 space
what is the outcome of typing the linux command
## Footnote
**df -T-a**
103
this stands for make file system and is used to build a file system on a disk or partitions
describe the linux command
## Footnote
**mkfs**
104
describe the linux command
## Footnote
**chown**
also known as change owner is used to change the ownership of a file
105
if changes are being made to a file systems directory or an intermediate table while it is held in memory what potential failure could occur
a potential failure that could occur here is data loss or an inaccessible block or blocks
reason being that for any changes to last the change operation must complete and be written to non volatile storage such as secondary storage
106
the steps here would include
1. the shell/application making an API call to the file system module such as READ
2. the file system module runs its READ routine and makes a system call to the I/O module
3. the I/O module communicates with the device driver
4. the device driver communicates with the disk drive in order to carry out the read operation
Shell \> API \> File system module \> system call \> I/O module \> device driver \> hardware
describe the steps of how an
* applcation
* file system module
* I/O module
work together in order to read a file for example
107
this linux command is used to display the free space of any file systems that are present
describe the linux command
## Footnote
**df**
108
this is extent is a run of contigious blocks
wha is an
## Footnote
**extent**
109
the file systems that use this are:
* Windows
* new technology file system (NTFS)
* macOS
* apple file system (APFS)
* linux
* extended file system version 4 (EXT4)
name 3 file systems that use
## Footnote
**journaling**
110
what happens if a files data
## Footnote
**exceeds the size of an inode**
in this case indirect inodes are created
the first inode will reference indirect inodes which then point to the physical block
this is a scalable system that introduces further layers of indirect blocks to accomidate large files
111
what is the
**tmpfs**
file system that can be seen from the output of commands such as df
this stands for Temporary file system (Tmpfs)
this is a a file system that keeps all of its data stored on ram and appears as a mounted file system
112
the linux OS will name these in the following way
* name will begin with sd (standing for SCSI drive)
* sd
* the next letter represents the drive and will increment with every drive
* sda
* the next number represents a partition and will increment with every partition on that drive
* sda1
what is the linux
## Footnote
**naming convention for disk drives**
113
the "terminology" for this is
* windows
* formatting the disk
* linux
* building a file system
what is formatting known as within:
* windows
* linux
114
1. the directory is referenced and the filename found and its inode number
2. its inode is loaded into memory
3. an I/O operation then occurs for each disk block within the inode
describe the execution process of the
**inode**
system used within linux
115
* **Device**: usually the given name or UUID of the mounted device (sda1/sda2/etc).
* **Mount Poin**t: designates the directory where the device is/will be mounted.
* **File System Type**: nothing trick here, shows the type of filesystem in use.
* **Options**: lists any active mount options. If using multiple options they must be separated by commas.
* **Backup Operation**: (the first digit) this is a binary system where 1 = dump utility backup of a partition. 0 = no backup. This is an outdated backup method and should NOT be used.
* **File System Check Order**: (second digit) Here we can see three possible outcomes. 0 means that fsck will not check the filesystem. Numbers higher than this represent the check order. The root filesystem should be set to 1 and other partitions set to 2.
source(An introduction to the Linux /etc/fstab file | Enable Sysadmin (redhat.com))
describe the 6 columns of the table structure used by the configuration file
/etc/fstab
116
1. the directory is looked at for the file name
2. the file name holds a reference with it to its intermedite table (inode for linux)
3. the intermediate table will reference the start and length of every extent
describe the
## Footnote
**execution process of using extents**
117
a potential failure that could occur here is data loss or an inaccessible block or blocks
reason being that for any changes to last the change operation must complete and be written to non volatile storage such as secondary storage
if changes are being made to a file systems directory or an intermediate table while it is held in memory what potential failure could occur
118
* directory
* this will hold the file name and its reference to an intermediate table
* intermediate table (inode for linux)
* this will hold the start and the length of every extent on disk
describe the data structure of
## Footnote
**extents**
119
this disk operation:
* directory
* New entry copying the original
* intermediate data structures
* New entry copying the original
* data blocks
* New entry copying the original
what effect would a
**COPY disk operation**
have on each each of the following
* directory
* intermediate data structures
* data blocks
120
describe the execution process of the
**inode**
system used within linux
1. the directory is referenced and the filename found and its inode number
2. its inode is loaded into memory
3. an I/O operation then occurs for each disk block within the inode
121
describe the five steps that take place under the hood when formatting a disk with the FAT file system
this includes
1. A free space list is created
2. Using a FAT based system a FAT table will be created
3. A root directory is created using a block from the free space list
4. The root directory is recorded in the FAT or inode
5. The location of the root directory is recorded in the VBR which itself is held in the first sector of the disk (this means the OS can always get access to the root directory from here)
122
this is a method of allocating disk blocks to a file in an unbroken sequence
what is
## Footnote
**Contiguous allocation**
123
describe two syntaxes for formatting a disk within the linux terminal
using mkfs
these include:
* **Mkfs.***type disk-location*
* **Mkfs -t** *type disk-location*
* type -* the type of file system to build on the disk or partition
* disk-location* - the location of the disk which will be located inside the /dev directory
124
describe the linux command
## Footnote
**df**
this linux command is used to display the free space of any file systems that are present
