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ZOOLOGY > TOPIC 2 > Flashcards

TOPIC 2 Flashcards

1
Q

type of eukaryotic cell that lacks a cell wall and has a true, membrane-bound nucleus along with other cellular organelles

A

ANIMAL CELL

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2
Q

The lack of a rigid _____ allowed animals to develop a greater diversity of cell types, tissues, and organs.

A

cell wall

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3
Q

Most animal cells are ____, meaning that their chromosomes exist in homologous pairs.

A

diploid

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4
Q

In instances of sexual reproduction, the
cellular process of _____ is first necessary so that haploid daughter cells, or gametes, can be produced.

A

meiosis

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5
Q

The animal kingdom is unique among eukaryotic organisms because most animal tissues are bound together in an _____

A

extracellular matrix

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6
Q

triple helix of protein known as

A

collagen

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7
Q

Plant and fungal cells are bound together in tissues or aggregations by other molecules, such as _____.

A

pectin

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8
Q

Are found in the Kingdom Monera, the bacteria. They are usually very small with a relatively simple internal structure.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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9
Q

Are found in the four of the five kingdoms of life. These are: K. Protista, K. Fungi, K. Plantae and K. Animalia

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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10
Q

1665, He published Micrographia, a book with descriptions of the organisms he
viewed under the recently invented microscope.

A

Robert Hooke

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11
Q

The invention of the _____ led to the discovery of the cell by Hooke.

A

microscope

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12
Q

The classical cell theory was proposed by _____ in 1839.

A

Theodor Schwann

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13
Q

Absent
in Prokaryotic, Present in Eukaryotic

A

Nuclear Membrane

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14
Q

Single, composed only of nucleic acid in Prokaryotes.
Multiple, composed of nucleic acid
of nucleic acid
& protein in Eukaryotes

A

Chromosome

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum,
Lysosomes

A

Absent in Prokaryotes, Present in Eukaryotes

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16
Q

Absent but same function
performed by plasma membrane in Prokaryotes, Present in Eukaryotes

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

May contain chlorophyll but not contained in chloroplasts (Prokaryotes).
Chlorophyll, when present, contained in chloroplasts (Eukaryotes)

A

Photosynthetic Apparatus

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18
Q

Small in Prokaryotes
Large in Eukaryotes

A

Ribosomes

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19
Q

Usually absent in Prokaryotes
Present in Eukaryotes

A

Microtubules

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20
Q

Lack 9+2 tubular structures (prokaryotes)
Have 9+2 tubular structures (eukaryotes)

A

Flagella

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21
Q

Does not occur in Prokaryotes
May occur in Eukaryotes

A

Cytoplasmic streaming
or amoeboid movement

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22
Q

Contain murein (Prokaryotes)
When present, does not contain
murein
(Eukaryotes)

A

Cell Wall

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23
Q

states that cells are the basic units of life. These parts were based on a conclusion made by Schwann and _____ in 1838, after comparing their observations of
plant and animal cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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24
Q

states that cells come from preexisting cells that have multiplied, was described by _____ in 1858, when he stated omnis cellula e cellula (all cells come from
cells).

A

Rudolf Virchow

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25
Q

first observed red blood cells, sperm, and “animalcules” in pond water using high quality single lenses.

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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26
Q

A typical animal cell consists of three components:

A

Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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27
Q

All living cells have a _____ that encloses their contents.

A

plasma membrane

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28
Q

In prokaryotes, the ____ is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid cell wall. These also regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cells.

A

membrane

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29
Q

A highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell

A

NUCLEUS

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30
Q

The entire nucleus is enclosed by a _____ which encloses and protects the nucleus.

A

nuclear membrane

31
Q

the most conspicuous organelle enclosed within two membranes to form the double-layered nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane), separating its contents from the cytoplasm

A

Nucleus

32
Q

is organized along with proteins into materials called chromatin

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

33
Q

during reproduction condenses, becomes thick enough to be discerned as separate structures called chromosomes

A

Chromatin

34
Q

The _____ bear the genes, the basic units of heredity.

A

chromosomes

35
Q

dark-stained bodies which are the most visible structures within the non-dividing
nucleus which synthesizes molecular ingredients of ribosomes

A

Nucleoli

36
Q

This is the entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
surrounding the cell.

A

CYTOPLASM

37
Q

organelles suspended in a semi-fluid medium

A

cytosol

38
Q

are self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of
microtubules and are found only in animal cells

A

CENTRIOLES

39
Q

is a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

40
Q

tiny organelles composed of approximately 60 percent RNA and 40 percent protein

A

RIBOSOMES

41
Q

are suspended in the cytosol and proteins function within the cytosol

A

free ribosomes

42
Q

are attached to the outside membranes of the ER and proteins are destined either for inclusion into membranes, packaging within certain organelles and export from the cell

A

bound ribosomes

43
Q

is the distribution and shipping department for the cell’s chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export to the outside of the cell.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

44
Q

oblong shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

45
Q

the catabolic process that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by extracting energy from
sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen

A

cellular respiration

46
Q

self-replicating and have tiny chromosomes containing DNA

A

cristae

47
Q

are membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes that the
cell uses to digest macromolecules

A

LYSOSOMES

48
Q

The main function of lysosomes is ______.

A

intracellular digestion

49
Q

a process that recycle the cell’s own organic material

A

autophagy

50
Q

are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane.

A

Microbodies

51
Q

There are several types of microbodies but _____ are the most common. These contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.

A

Peroxisomes

52
Q

are membrane-bound vesicles, formed
via a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis, and found in the cytoplasm of virtually every animal cell.

A

Endosomes

53
Q

The basic mechanism of endocytosis is the reverse of
what occurs during _____ or cellular secretion.

A

Exocytosis

54
Q

Most of the organelles are attached to a network of protein fibers, the _____.
Several types of protein fibers including thick microtubules, medium-sized intermediate filaments, and thin microfilaments make up the ____. These provide support and maintain the form of the cell, and in many cells, they provide a means of locomotion and translocation of organelles within the cells.

A

cytoskeleton

55
Q

These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don’t have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support.

A

MICROTUBULES

56
Q

They radiate out from a microtubule organizing center called the ______ .

A

centrosome

57
Q

Within the centrosome are found a pair of ______, which are themselves composed of microtubules

A

centrioles

58
Q

These are solid rods made of globular proteins called
actin, primarily structural in function and are an important component of the cytoskeleton.

A

MICROFILAMENTS

59
Q

are a very broad class of fibrous proteins that play an important role as both structural and functional elements of the
cytoskeleton. Ranging in size from 8 to 12 nanometers, it functions as tension-bearing elements to help maintain cell shape and rigidity

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

60
Q

are essential for the locomotion of individual organisms

A

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

61
Q

In multicellular organisms, _____ function to move fluid or materials past an immobile cell as well as moving a cell or group of cells.

A

Cilia

62
Q

Most cells contain sacs called _____, that are bounded by a single membrane. These are membrane-enclosed cavities filled with either fluid or granular material.

A

VACUOLES

63
Q

vacuoles that expel excess water and wastes from the cell

A

contractile vacuoles

64
Q

vacuoles contain food particles

A

Food vacuoles

65
Q

discovered the first cell part, the cell wall

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

66
Q

viewed some living cells and found that they had contents and named the material “sarcode”, a term which was later changed to
“protoplasm”.

A

Felix Dujardin (1835)

67
Q

coined the term protoplasm for the fluid substance of a cell

A

Johannes Evangelist Purkinje (1839)

68
Q

coined the term protoplasm which refers to the actual living matter of the cell

A

Hugo von Mohl (1846)

69
Q

discovered and described mitochondria

A

Robert Altmann (1886)

70
Q

first saw golgi apparatus in nerve cells

A

Camillo Golgi (1898)

71
Q

discovered endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Keith Porter (1945)

72
Q

discovered lysosomes

A

Christian De Duve (1952)

73
Q

discovered ribosomes of the ER

A

George Emil Palade (1955)

ZOOLOGY (6 decks)

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