TOPIC 6 SKELETAL

Question 1

is the hardened framework of an animal body. It may be external or internal and either solid or jointed.

Answer 1

Skeleton

Question 2

________ of the bones is the principal location of blood formation.

Answer 2

Medullary cavity

Question 3

_______ of bone act as a “sink”
and a “source” for many of the required minerals (cations and anions) of the body.

Answer 3

Calcified regions

Question 4

are hard body covering with all muscles and organs located inside it

Answer 4

Exoskeletons

Question 5

is an internal framework consisting of hard supporting elements such as bone and cartilage

Answer 5

Endoskeleton

Question 6

The earliest form of endoskeleton to appear, which gives partial support to the body and serves as an axis for the working of the muscles.

Answer 6

notochord

Question 7

consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment. This is the main type of skeleton in most cnidarians, planarians, nematodes, and annelids. This type of skeleton is well suited for life in
aquatic environments. It cushions internal organs from shocks and it provides support for crawling and burrowing.

Answer 7

Hydrostatic skeleton

Question 8

lies on the long axis (midline) of the body

Answer 8

Axial skeleton

Question 9

is made up of the bones of the front (pectoral) and hind (pelvic) limbs as well as their respective pectoral girdle (shoulder) and pelvic girdle (pelvis)

Answer 9

Appendicular skeleton

Question 10

is a connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton. It contains specialized cells and a matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibers

Answer 10

Bone or osseous tissue

Question 11

a mineral formed from calcium phosphate

Answer 11

hydroxyapatite

Question 12

is the process of deposition of mineral salts on the collagen fiber matrix that crystallizes and hardens the tissue

Answer 12

Calcification

Question 13

are bones that are the same width and length, giving them a cube-like shape. For
example, the bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals)

Answer 13

Short bones, or cuboidal bones

Question 14

are thin and relatively broad bones that are found where extensive protection of organs is required or where broad surfaces of muscle attachment are required. Examples are the sternum (breast bone), ribs, scapulae (shoulder blades), and the roof of the skull

Answer 14

Flat bones

Question 15

are bones with complex shapes. These bones may have short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. Examples are the vertebrae, hip bones, and several skull bones.

Answer 15

Irregular bones

Question 16

are small, flat bones and are shaped similarly to a sesame seed, develop inside tendons and may be found near joints at the knees, hands, and feet.
Ex: Patellae

Answer 16

Sesamoid bones

Question 17

are small, flat, irregularly shaped bones. They may be found between the flat bones of the skull. They vary in number, shape, size, and position.

Answer 17

Sutural bones

Question 18

are composed of compact bone and spongy bone

Answer 18

Long bones

Question 19

_______ appears to be solid while ________ has the appearance of a sponge

Answer 19

Compact bone
Spongy bone

Question 20

_______ of a long bone is at either end of a long bone. It consists chiefly of spongy bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

Answer 20

Epiphysis

Question 21

is the cylindrical shaft of a long bone between either epiphysis. It contains marrow (medullary) cavity surrounded by a thick wall of compact bone. This is the site of red blood cell production.

Answer 21

Diaphysis

Question 22

is the expanded or flared part of the bone at the ends of the diaphysis.

Answer 22

Metaphysis

Question 23

is composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cell-rich layer containing osteoblasts which synthesize and secrete the organic substance of bone

Answer 23

Periosteum

Question 24

is responsible for the increase in diameter of bones and
also functions in the healing of fractures

Answer 24

Periosteum

Question 25

is the lining tissue of all surfaces of the bone that face the medullary cavity and also the trabeculae of the bone

Answer 25

Endosteum

Question 26

Channels that run parallel to the long axis of the bone are the ________, which contain blood vessels that communicate with blood vessels serving the external surfaces and marrow cavity.

Answer 26

Haversian canals

Question 27

is the unit of structure of compact bone. It is composed of central haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers of bone, the lamellae.

Answer 27

Haversian System

Question 28

Comprise the population of cells in the innermost layer of the periosteum, the endosteal lining cells of the marrow cavities, and the lining cells of the Haversian canals and Volkman’s canals.

Answer 28

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 29

are differentiated bone forming cells responsible for the production of bone matrix

Answer 29

Osteoblasts

Question 30

are mature bone cells and represents a transformed osteoblast

Answer 30

Osteocytes

Question 31

are large, motile, often multinucleated bone resorbing cells

Answer 31

Osteoclasts

Question 32

is the process of bone formation by osteoblasts

Answer 32

Ossification, or osteogenesis

Question 33

takes place during the ossification of bones

Answer 33

calcification

Question 34

development of bone from fibrous membranes

Answer 34

intramembranous ossification

Question 35

development from hyaline cartilage is called

Answer 35

endochondral ossification

Question 36

is the increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones.

Answer 36

Appositional growth

Question 37

is the replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

Answer 37

Bone remodeling

Question 38

connect muscles with bones

Answer 38

Tendons

Question 39

connect bone to bone

Answer 39

Ligaments

Question 40

is the connection between any of the skeletons rigid component parts; also described as an articulation

Answer 40

Joint

Question 41

study of joints

Answer 41

Arthrology

Question 42

inflammation of joints

Answer 42

arthritis

Question 43

If the joint is movable in one or more planes

Answer 43

diarthrosis

Question 44

If no movement is possible

Answer 44

synarthrosis

Question 45

If movement is restricted if not impossible

Answer 45

amphiarthrosis

Question 46

The bones of ______ are held together by fibrous connective tissue.

Answer 46

Fibrous Joints

Question 47

are found only in the skull and possess short fibers of connective tissue that hold the skull bones tightly in place

Answer 47

Sutures

Question 48

are joints in which the bones are connected by a band of connective tissue, allowing for more movement than in a suture

Answer 48

Syndesmoses

Question 49

occur between teeth and their sockets; the term refers to the way the tooth fits into the socket like a peg.

Answer 49

Gomphoses

Question 50

are joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage

Answer 50

Cartilaginous Joints

Question 51

the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

Answer 51

synchondrosis

Question 52

hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone but the connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage

Answer 52

symphyses

Question 53

are the only joints that have a space between the adjoining bones

Answer 53

Synovial Joints

Question 54

lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for greater movement

Answer 54

Synovial fluid

Question 55

have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. These joints allow for gliding movements, The range of motion is limited in these joints and does not involve rotation.

Answer 55

Planar/gliding joints

Question 56

are found in the carpal bones in the hand and the tarsal bones of the foot, as well as between vertebrae.

Answer 56

Planar joints

Question 57

the slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone

Answer 57

hinge joints

Question 58

The elbow is an example of a ______. The knee is sometimes classified as a _____.

Answer 58

Hinge joint modified hinge joint

Question 59

consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone.

Answer 59

Pivot joints

Question 60

the joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move back and forth. The joint of the wrist that allows the palm of the hand to be turned up and down

Answer 60

pivot joint

Question 61

consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone. This is also sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint.

Answer 61

Condyloid joints

Question 62

This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes, as seen in the joints of the wrist and fingers, which can move both side to side and up and down.

Answer 62

Condyloid joints

Question 63

are so named because the ends of each bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together

Answer 63

Saddle joints

Question 64

An example of a _______ is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down, but more freely than the wrist or fingers.

Answer 64

saddle joint

Question 65

possess a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone

Answer 65

Ball-and-socket joints

Question 66

Examples of ______ joints are the shoulder and hip joints.

Answer 66

ball-and-socket