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ZOOLOGY > TOPIC 6 SKELETAL > Flashcards

TOPIC 6 SKELETAL Flashcards

1
Q

is the hardened framework of an animal body. It may be external or internal and either solid or jointed.

A

Skeleton

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2
Q

________ of the bones is the principal location of blood formation.

A

Medullary cavity

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3
Q

_______ of bone act as a “sink”
and a “source” for many of the required minerals (cations and anions) of the body.

A

Calcified regions

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4
Q

are hard body covering with all muscles and organs located inside it

A

Exoskeletons

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5
Q

is an internal framework consisting of hard supporting elements such as bone and cartilage

A

Endoskeleton

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6
Q

The earliest form of endoskeleton to appear, which gives partial support to the body and serves as an axis for the working of the muscles.

A

notochord

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7
Q

consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment. This is the main type of skeleton in most cnidarians, planarians, nematodes, and annelids. This type of skeleton is well suited for life in
aquatic environments. It cushions internal organs from shocks and it provides support for crawling and burrowing.

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

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8
Q

lies on the long axis (midline) of the body

A

Axial skeleton

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9
Q

is made up of the bones of the front (pectoral) and hind (pelvic) limbs as well as their respective pectoral girdle (shoulder) and pelvic girdle (pelvis)

A

Appendicular skeleton

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10
Q

is a connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton. It contains specialized cells and a matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibers

A

Bone or osseous tissue

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11
Q

a mineral formed from calcium phosphate

A

hydroxyapatite

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12
Q

is the process of deposition of mineral salts on the collagen fiber matrix that crystallizes and hardens the tissue

A

Calcification

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13
Q

are bones that are the same width and length, giving them a cube-like shape. For
example, the bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals)

A

Short bones, or cuboidal bones

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14
Q

are thin and relatively broad bones that are found where extensive protection of organs is required or where broad surfaces of muscle attachment are required. Examples are the sternum (breast bone), ribs, scapulae (shoulder blades), and the roof of the skull

A

Flat bones

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15
Q

are bones with complex shapes. These bones may have short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. Examples are the vertebrae, hip bones, and several skull bones.

A

Irregular bones

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16
Q

are small, flat bones and are shaped similarly to a sesame seed, develop inside tendons and may be found near joints at the knees, hands, and feet.
Ex: Patellae

A

Sesamoid bones

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17
Q

are small, flat, irregularly shaped bones. They may be found between the flat bones of the skull. They vary in number, shape, size, and position.

A

Sutural bones

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18
Q

are composed of compact bone and spongy bone

A

Long bones

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19
Q

_______ appears to be solid while ________ has the appearance of a sponge

A

Compact bone
Spongy bone

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20
Q

_______ of a long bone is at either end of a long bone. It consists chiefly of spongy bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

A

Epiphysis

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21
Q

is the cylindrical shaft of a long bone between either epiphysis. It contains marrow (medullary) cavity surrounded by a thick wall of compact bone. This is the site of red blood cell production.

A

Diaphysis

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22
Q

is the expanded or flared part of the bone at the ends of the diaphysis.

A

Metaphysis

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23
Q

is composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cell-rich layer containing osteoblasts which synthesize and secrete the organic substance of bone

A

Periosteum

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24
Q

is responsible for the increase in diameter of bones and
also functions in the healing of fractures

A

Periosteum

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25
Q

is the lining tissue of all surfaces of the bone that face the medullary cavity and also the trabeculae of the bone

A

Endosteum

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26
Q

Channels that run parallel to the long axis of the bone are the ________, which contain blood vessels that communicate with blood vessels serving the external surfaces and marrow cavity.

A

Haversian canals

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27
Q

is the unit of structure of compact bone. It is composed of central haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers of bone, the lamellae.

A

Haversian System

28
Q

Comprise the population of cells in the innermost layer of the periosteum, the
endosteal lining cells of the marrow cavities, and the lining cells of the Haversian canals and Volkman’s canals.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

29
Q

are differentiated bone forming cells responsible for the production of bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

30
Q

are mature bone cells and represents a transformed osteoblast

A

Osteocytes

31
Q

are large, motile, often multinucleated bone resorbing cells

A

Osteoclasts

32
Q

is the process of bone formation by osteoblasts

A

Ossification, or osteogenesis

33
Q

takes place during the ossification of bones

A

calcification

34
Q

development of bone from fibrous membranes

A

intramembranous ossification

35
Q

development from hyaline cartilage is called

A

endochondral ossification

36
Q

is the increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones.

A

Appositional growth

37
Q

is the replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

A

Bone remodeling

38
Q

connect muscles with bones

A

Tendons

39
Q

connect bone to bone

A

Ligaments

40
Q

is the connection between any of the skeletons rigid component parts; also described as an articulation

A

Joint

41
Q

study of joints

A

Arthrology

42
Q

inflammation of joints

A

arthritis

43
Q

If the joint is movable in one or more planes

A

diarthrosis

44
Q

If no movement is possible

A

synarthrosis

45
Q

If movement is restricted if not impossible

A

amphiarthrosis

46
Q

The bones of ______ are held together by fibrous connective tissue.

A

Fibrous Joints

47
Q

are found only in the skull and possess short fibers of connective tissue that hold the skull bones tightly in place

A

Sutures

48
Q

are joints in which the bones are connected by a band of connective tissue, allowing for more movement than in a suture

A

Syndesmoses

49
Q

occur between teeth and their sockets; the term refers to the way the tooth fits into the socket like a peg.

A

Gomphoses

50
Q

are joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage

A

Cartilaginous Joints

51
Q

the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

A

synchondrosis

52
Q

hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone but the connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage

A

symphyses

53
Q

are the only joints that have a space between the adjoining bones

A

Synovial Joints

54
Q

lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for greater movement

A

Synovial fluid

55
Q

have bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. These joints allow for gliding movements, The range of motion is limited in these joints and does not involve rotation.

A

Planar/gliding joints

56
Q

are found in the carpal bones in the hand and the tarsal bones of the foot, as well as between vertebrae.

A

Planar joints

57
Q

the slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone

A

hinge joints

58
Q

The elbow is an example of a ______. The knee is sometimes classified as a _____.

A

Hinge joint
modified hinge joint

59
Q

consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone.

A

Pivot joints

60
Q

the joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move back and forth. The joint of the wrist that allows
the palm of the hand to be turned up and down

A

pivot joint

61
Q

consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone. This is also sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint.

A

Condyloid joints

62
Q

This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes, as seen in the joints of the wrist and fingers, which can move both side to side and up and down.

A

Condyloid joints

63
Q

are so named because the ends of each bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex
portions that fit together

A

Saddle joints

64
Q

An example of a _______ is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down, but more freely than the wrist or fingers.

A

saddle joint

65
Q

possess a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone

A

Ball-and-socket joints

66
Q

Examples of ______ joints are the shoulder and hip joints.

A

ball-and-socket

ZOOLOGY (6 decks)

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